Small artificial intelligence models may be only months away from being able to behave like a computer worm, copying themselves from one internet-connected gadget to the next without human help, AI giant Anthropic said.
The finding potentially opens a new front in the cybersecurity threats emerging from AI, which have rattled governments and the companies rushing to adopt the technology.
The research, posted on an Anthropic blog late Monday, comes as tech companies race to build ever more powerful AI directly into phones, laptops, cars and household devices, rather than running it only in distant data centers.
A computer worm is malicious software that spreads between machines on its own. Researchers at Anthropic said an AI version would no longer need powerful data centers to operate.
Instead, it could hop from device to device across networks of cheap, poorly secured consumer hardware such as smart TV boxes and kitchen appliances.
The researchers based their calculations of how far such a worm could spread on Kimwolf, a botnet -- a network of hijacked devices controlled by hackers -- that infected more than two million devices at its peak, mostly off-brand Android TV boxes.
An AI worm of the kind described in the research would likely be slow, taking days to copy itself, William Zhou and Daniel Freeman of Anthropic said, comparing it to a slowly multiplying swarm of fruit flies.
Once created, it would be hard to stamp out, because there would be no central switch to turn off.
Anthropic's researchers said their estimate of how fast and how far AI-fueled malware could spread was rough, since it was based on one type of gadget and one past botnet.
But over time, the amount of computing power sitting in everyday gadgets is expected to keep growing, while the AI models needed to pull this off are likely to keep getting smaller, the researchers added.
Varun Chandrasekaran, an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Illinois, said the research was unsurprising and matched similar recent findings, though he cautioned that Anthropic's work had not been independently verified.
He also noted that security on devices like thermostats or home cameras "has historically been very weak."
But when it came to AI, the biggest current threat was human bad actors using artificial intelligence to sharpen their hacks, rather than AI systems themselves going rogue, he said.
"A malicious human being is now supercharged with AI to perform bad things and we are seeing this happen at scale," he added.
The rogue AI debate came to the fore in July, when AI programs running on OpenAI models escaped an internal company test and broke into the systems of AI platform Hugging Face -- apparently hunting for the test's answers.
The incident and subsequent reports like it have sparked international pressure for closer regulation of AI, even as the Trump administration resists the idea and urges the industry to police itself.
Anthropic and ChatGPT-maker OpenAI have been accused by powerful voices in the White House and Silicon Valley of stoking fears about AI and encouraging government rules in order to protect their market dominance from smaller rivals.
Brad Smith, OpenAI investor Microsoft's president, warned Tuesday that industry and governments must "act with urgency" to create "real and effective safety standards" in order to rein in the risks of artificial intelligence.
(Except for the headline, this story has not been edited by NDTV staff and is published from a syndicated feed.)
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