A Coding Guide to Cactus Whistle: Does a 16.9 MB Speech Model Hold Up Against Whisper Base? Word Error Rate, Speed, Streaming, Timestamps, Keywords, and Speech-to-Tool Calls on a CPU

import os
import io
import re
import sys
import json
import math
import time
import random
import hashlib
import shutil
import zipfile
import platform
import traceback
import subprocess
import collections
import urllib.error
import urllib.request
RESULTS = {}
VERDICTS = []
def banner(title):
print("\n" + "=" * 78)
print(title)
print("=" * 78)
def section(name):
def wrap(fn):
def run(*a, **kw):
banner(name)
t0 = time.time()
try:
out = fn(*a, **kw)
RESULTS[name] = out if isinstance(out, str) else "ok"
return out
except Exception as e:
RESULTS[name] = f"SKIPPED / FAILED -> {type(e).__name__}: {e}"
print(f"\n[!] {name} did not complete: {type(e).__name__}: {e}")
traceback.print_exc(limit=3)
return None
finally:
print(f"\n[{time.time() - t0:.0f} s]")
json.dump({"results": RESULTS, "verdicts": VERDICTS}, open("results.json", "w"), indent=1)
return run
return wrap
banner("1. Install Whistle, pin its weights and engine by Hub revision, transcribe one clip")
subprocess.run([sys.executable, "-m", "pip", "install", "-q", "cactus-needle==3.2.0", "openai-whisper==20250625",
"jiwer==4.0.0", "soundfile==0.14.0", "soxr==1.1.0"], check=True)
os.environ["NEEDLE_TELEMETRY"] = "0" # the package sends anonymous usage counts unless told not to
os.environ["HF_HUB_DISABLE_PROGRESS_BARS"] = "1"
import numpy as np
import soundfile as sf
import soxr
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
# cactus-needle fetches three files on first use, from Hugging Face repos whose files are replaced in place: the 16.9 MB
# whistle.cact weights, the ~1 MB engine library (version 3.3.0 in this package; the needle3 repo received new binaries
# on 2026-10-10) and the 35 MB needle3.cact used in step 12. Pinning the Hub revision of each, and printing the hashes,
# is what makes this run reproducible. The engine version is read from the package, not typed in.
WHISTLE_REV = "ca5287601bef25af26dcf2e1b2bdc0843a7c19e5" # Cactus-Compute/whistle, 2026-10-10
NEEDLE3_REV = "93e88ede867e4311c39151285e74df513e4b835b" # Cactus-Compute/needle3 (engine + Needle 3 weights), 2026-10-10
from needle.agent import fetch as needle_fetch
TAG = needle_fetch._platform_tag()
ENGINE_VERSION = needle_fetch.engine_version(3)
weights = hf_hub_download("Cactus-Compute/whistle", "whistle.cact", revision=WHISTLE_REV)
wheel = hf_hub_download("Cactus-Compute/needle3", needle_fetch.engine_wheel(ENGINE_VERSION, TAG, 3), revision=NEEDLE3_REV)
with zipfile.ZipFile(wheel) as z:
member = next(n for n in z.namelist() if n.startswith("needle/libneedle"))
os.makedirs("engine", exist_ok=True)
engine = os.path.abspath(os.path.join("engine", os.path.basename(member)))
open(engine, "wb").write(z.read(member))
needle3_weights = hf_hub_download("Cactus-Compute/needle3", "needle3.cact", revision=NEEDLE3_REV)
os.makedirs(needle_fetch.cache_dir(3), exist_ok=True) # Needle(tools=...) reads its weights from this cache path
shutil.copyfile(needle3_weights, os.path.join(needle_fetch.cache_dir(3), needle_fetch.base_weights(3)))
os.environ["NEEDLE_WHISTLE_WEIGHTS"] = weights # both variables are honoured by the package
os.environ["NEEDLE3_LIB_PATH"] = engine
import needle
import importlib.metadata as md
sha = lambda p: hashlib.sha256(open(p, "rb").read()).hexdigest()[:12]
CPU = platform.processor() or platform.machine()
if sys.platform == "linux" and os.path.exists("/proc/cpuinfo"):
CPU = next((l.split(":", 1)[1].strip() for l in open("/proc/cpuinfo") if l.startswith("model name")), CPU)
elif sys.platform == "darwin":
CPU = subprocess.run(["sysctl", "-n", "machdep.cpu.brand_string"], capture_output=True, text=True).stdout.strip() or CPU
print(f"cactus-needle {needle.__version__} (engine {ENGINE_VERSION}, wheel tag {TAG}) python {platform.python_version()} "
f"soundfile {md.version('soundfile')} soxr {md.version('soxr')} numpy {np.__version__}")
print(f"hardware: {CPU}, {os.cpu_count()} cpus visible")
print(f"whistle.cact {os.path.getsize(weights)/1e6:.1f} MB sha256 {sha(weights)} @ {WHISTLE_REV[:12]}")
print(f"engine {os.path.getsize(engine)/1e6:.1f} MB sha256 {sha(engine)} @ {NEEDLE3_REV[:12]}")
print(f"needle3.cact {os.path.getsize(needle3_weights)/1e6:.1f} MB sha256 {sha(needle3_weights)} @ {NEEDLE3_REV[:12]}")
SR = 16000
W = needle.Whistle() # one model per process, not thread-safe; every later step reuses this object
def fetch(url, tries=7):
"""GET with retries. The datasets-server rate-limits anonymous callers (HTTP 429): honour Retry-After when it is
sent, otherwise back off 5, 10, 20, 40 ... seconds, and never give up on the first refusal."""
for k in range(tries):
try:
with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=60) as r:
return r.read()
except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
if k == tries - 1:
raise
wait = int(e.headers.get("Retry-After", 0) or 0) if e.code == 429 else 0
time.sleep(max(wait, 5 * 2 ** k) if e.code in (429, 500, 502, 503, 504) else 2)
except Exception:
if k == tries - 1:
raise
time.sleep(3 * (k + 1))
def page(dataset, config, split, offset, length=100):
"""One page of a Hub dataset through the datasets-server rows API: metadata plus signed audio URLs."""
url = (f"https://datasets-server.huggingface.co/rows?dataset={dataset}&config={config}"
f"&split={split}&offset={offset}&length={length}")
time.sleep(0.25) # stay under the anonymous rate limit when paging a whole split
return json.loads(fetch(url))
def load_audio(row):
"""Download one row's clip; return 16 kHz mono float32 samples and the sha256 of the original file."""
data = fetch(row["audio"][0]["src"])
audio, sr = sf.read(io.BytesIO(data), dtype="float32")
if audio.ndim > 1:
audio = audio.mean(axis=1)
if sr != SR:
audio = soxr.resample(audio, sr, SR, quality="HQ")
return audio, hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest()[:12]
first = page("openslr/librispeech_asr", "clean", "test", 0, 1)["rows"][0]["row"]
clip, _ = load_audio(first)
t0 = time.perf_counter()
out = W.transcribe(clip, word_timestamps=True)
wall = (time.perf_counter() - t0) * 1000
print(f"\nclip {first['id']} {len(clip)/SR:.1f} s reference: {first['text']}")
print(f"-> {out['text']!r}")
print(f" language {out['language']} engine time to first token {out['ttft_ms']:.1f} ms decode {out['decode_tps']:.0f} tok/s"
f" wall {wall:.0f} ms")
print(" first words:", [(w["word"], w["start"], w["end"], w["probability"]) for w in out["words"][:3]])
RESULTS["1. Install Whistle, pin its weights and engine by Hub revision, transcribe one clip"] = \
f"{os.path.getsize(weights)/1e6:.1f} MB weights, {len(clip)/SR:.1f} s clip in {wall:.0f} ms"

import jiwer
import whisper
import torch
from whisper.normalizers import EnglishTextNormalizer, BasicTextNormalizer
NORM_EN = EnglishTextNormalizer() # the normalisers Whistle's own benchmarks use; applied to both sides, always
NORM_BASIC = BasicTextNormalizer()
SEED = 2026
N_WHISTLE = 300 # clips per LibriSpeech split that Whistle transcribes (it is cheap)
N_PAIRED = {"other": 100, "clean": 60} # the first N of them also go through Whisper (it is not); test-other is primary
MAX_CLIP_S = 30.0 # Whistle's single-pass window; longer clips are declared out of scope here
WHISPER_SECONDS = collections.Counter()
def all_rows(dataset, config, split):
out, offset = [], 0
while True:
rows = page(dataset, config, split, offset)["rows"]
out += [r["row"] for r in rows]
offset += 100
if len(rows) < 100:
return out
def dataset_sha(dataset):
return json.loads(fetch(f"https://huggingface.co/api/datasets/{dataset}"))["sha"][:12]
def wer_counts(ref, hyp):
"""Errors (S+D+I) and reference words for one normalised pair; an empty hypothesis is all deletions."""
n = len(ref.split())
if not hyp.strip():
return n, n
o = jiwer.process_words(ref, hyp)
return o.substitutions + o.deletions + o.insertions, n
def sdi(ref, hyp):
if not hyp.strip():
return 0, len(ref.split()), 0
o = jiwer.process_words(ref, hyp)
return o.substitutions, o.deletions, o.insertions
def corpus_wer(errs, words):
return 100.0 * sum(errs) / max(sum(words), 1)
def _by_cluster(clusters, *arrays):
tot = collections.defaultdict(lambda: [0.0] * len(arrays))
for i, c in enumerate(clusters):
for j, a in enumerate(arrays):
tot[c][j] += a[i]
return tot
def wer_ci(clusters, errs, words, B=2000, seed=0):
"""95% percentile interval of a corpus WER, resampling clusters (speakers) with replacement."""
tot = _by_cluster(clusters, errs, words)
keys, rng = sorted(tot), random.Random(seed)
boots = []
for _ in range(B):
d = rng.choices(keys, k=len(keys))
boots.append(100 * sum(tot[c][0] for c in d) / max(sum(tot[c][1] for c in d), 1))
return np.percentile(boots, [2.5, 97.5])
def paired_contrast(clusters, errs_a, words, errs_b, label_a, label_b, B=2000, seed=0):
"""WER(a) - WER(b) with a paired speaker-cluster bootstrap: the same resampled speakers for both systems."""
tot = _by_cluster(clusters, errs_a, errs_b, words)
keys, rng = sorted(tot), random.Random(seed)
boots = []
for _ in range(B):
d = rng.choices(keys, k=len(keys))
w = max(sum(tot[c][2] for c in d), 1)
boots.append(100 * (sum(tot[c][0] for c in d) - sum(tot[c][1] for c in d)) / w)
boots = np.array(boots)
lo, hi = np.percentile(boots, [2.5, 97.5])
p = 2 * min((boots <= 0).mean(), (boots >= 0).mean())
return {"a": label_a, "b": label_b, "diff": corpus_wer(errs_a, words) - corpus_wer(errs_b, words),
"lo": lo, "hi": hi, "p": max(p, 1 / B), "clusters": len(keys)}
def holm(ps, alpha=0.05):
order, keep = np.argsort(ps), [False] * len(ps)
for rank, i in enumerate(order):
if ps[i] <= alpha / (len(ps) - rank):
keep[i] = True
else:
break
return keep
def verdict(c, significant):
"""Verdict rule: diff = WER(other system) - WER(Whistle). CI entirely > 0 and Holm-significant -> Whistle ahead;
entirely < 0 and significant -> Whistle behind; otherwise no significant difference at this sample size."""
if c["lo"] > 0 and significant:
return "Whistle ahead"
if c["hi"] < 0 and significant:
return "Whistle behind"
return "no significant difference at this n"
def fmt_contrast(c):
return f"{c['diff']:+.2f} pts (95% CI {c['lo']:+.2f}..{c['hi']:+.2f}, {c['clusters']} speakers)"
@section("2. Fixed, seeded samples of LibriSpeech test-clean and test-other, and the rules for the verdicts")
def sample_english():
global EN
print("Rules for the verdicts below, written into this notebook before its final run (exploratory probes on the")
print("same splits came first; the prose says which):")
print(f" * simple random sample of {N_WHISTLE} rows per split (seed {SEED}); the first {N_PAIRED['other']} (test-other) and "
f"{N_PAIRED['clean']} (test-clean) are the paired Whisper subsets")
print(f" * clips longer than {MAX_CLIP_S:.0f} s are excluded and counted (Whistle's single-pass window), as are empty references")
print(" * the same normaliser on both sides of each comparison (Whisper's EnglishTextNormalizer for LibriSpeech, its")
print(" BasicTextNormalizer for MLS); corpus WER = summed errors / summed reference words")
print(" * interval: 95% speaker-cluster paired bootstrap, 2,000 draws, the same resampled speakers for every system")
print(" * verdict per contrast: unadjusted CI of WER(other) - WER(Whistle) entirely > 0 and Holm-adjusted p < 0.05 ->")
print(" Whistle ahead; entirely < 0 and significant -> behind; otherwise no significant difference at this n")
print(" family A (published claims): test-other and test-clean vs base greedy and vs base beam 5, MLS pooled vs base greedy;")
print(" family B: the keyword contrasts. Holm at alpha = 0.05 within each family. Whisper tiny rows are descriptive.\n")
global MANIFEST
EN, manifest = {}, {"dataset_sha": dataset_sha("openslr/librispeech_asr"), "seed": SEED, "splits": {}}
MANIFEST = manifest
for split in ("other", "clean"):
t0 = time.time()
rows = all_rows("openslr/librispeech_asr", split, "test")
idx = random.Random(SEED).sample(range(len(rows)), N_WHISTLE)
kept, too_long, empty = [], 0, 0
for i in idx:
r = rows[i]
audio, h = load_audio(r)
ref = NORM_EN(r["text"])
if len(audio) / SR > MAX_CLIP_S:
too_long += 1
continue
if not ref:
empty += 1
continue
kept.append({"id": r["id"], "spk": str(r["speaker_id"]), "text": r["text"], "ref": ref,
"audio": audio, "dur": len(audio) / SR, "sha": h})
EN[split] = kept
manifest["splits"][split] = {"rows": len(rows), "sampled": N_WHISTLE, "too_long": too_long, "empty_ref": empty,
"ids": [c["id"] for c in kept], "sha": [c["sha"] for c in kept]}
durs = [c["dur"] for c in kept]
pk = kept[:N_PAIRED[split]]
print(f"test-{split}: {len(rows)} rows -> {len(kept)} clips kept ({too_long} over {MAX_CLIP_S:.0f} s, {empty} empty), "
f"{len(set(c['spk'] for c in kept))} speakers, {sum(durs)/60:.1f} min, clip {np.mean(durs):.1f} s mean / {max(durs):.1f} s max"
f" [{time.time()-t0:.0f} s]")
print(f" paired subset: {len(pk)} clips, {len(set(c['spk'] for c in pk))} speakers, {sum(c['dur'] for c in pk):.0f} s of audio, "
f"{sum(len(c['ref'].split()) for c in pk)} reference words")
json.dump(manifest, open("manifest.json", "w"))
print(f"\nmanifest.json: LibriSpeech revision {manifest['dataset_sha']}, clip ids and file hashes (the MLS and MInDS-14 clips are added to it in")
print("steps 9 and 12), so a rerun can prove it used the same audio")
return f"{len(EN['other'])} + {len(EN['clean'])} clips, manifest written"
sample_english()

WHISPER = {}
def whisper_model(size):
if size not in WHISPER:
WHISPER[size] = whisper.load_model(size, device="cpu")
return WHISPER[size]
def run_whisper(size, audio, language="en", **kw):
"""openai-whisper with its defaults (greedy with temperature fallback) unless kw says otherwise. Seeded per call,
because the fallback samples. Returns text, whether any segment needed the fallback, and the wall time."""
torch.manual_seed(0)
WHISPER_SECONDS[size] += len(audio) / SR
t0 = time.perf_counter()
r = whisper_model(size).transcribe(audio, language=language, fp16=False, **kw)
fell_back = any(s.get("temperature", 0) > 0 for s in r["segments"])
return r["text"], fell_back, time.perf_counter() - t0
SYSTEMS = {"other": [("whisper tiny, greedy", "tiny", {}), ("whisper base, greedy", "base", {}), ("whisper base, beam 5", "base", {"beam_size": 5})],
"clean": [("whisper tiny, greedy", "tiny", {}), ("whisper base, greedy", "base", {}), ("whisper base, beam 5", "base", {"beam_size": 5})]}
FAMILY_A = {"test-clean: Whistle vs whisper base, greedy", "test-clean: Whistle vs whisper base, beam 5",
"test-other: Whistle vs whisper base, greedy", "test-other: Whistle vs whisper base, beam 5",
"MLS pooled: Whistle vs whisper base, greedy"}
PUBLISHED = {"other": "Whistle 10.49 / Whisper base 11.0 (paper table 9, beam) / 12.4 (table 8, greedy)",
"clean": "Whistle 4.31 / Whisper base 4.9 (paper table 9, beam) / 5.0 (table 8, greedy)"}
CONTRASTS = []
@section("3. Word error rate against Whisper tiny and base, paired by clip, with a verdict per contrast")
def english_wer():
global HYP
HYP = {}
for split in ("other", "clean"):
clips = EN[split]
t0 = time.perf_counter()
hw = [W.transcribe(c["audio"], language="en")["text"] for c in clips]
tw = time.perf_counter() - t0
HYP[(split, "Whistle")] = hw
e_w, n_w = zip(*[wer_counts(c["ref"], NORM_EN(h)) for c, h in zip(clips, hw)])
lo, hi = wer_ci([c["spk"] for c in clips], e_w, n_w)
print(f"test-{split}: Whistle on all {len(clips)} clips: WER {corpus_wer(e_w, n_w):.2f}% (95% speaker-cluster CI {lo:.2f}..{hi:.2f}) "
f"in {tw:.1f} s ({1000*tw/len(clips):.0f} ms per clip)")
print(f" published full-split figures, different sample: {PUBLISHED[split]}")
pk = clips[:N_PAIRED[split]]
spk = [c["spk"] for c in pk]
e_wp, n_p = list(e_w[:len(pk)]), list(n_w[:len(pk)])
s = np.sum([sdi(c["ref"], NORM_EN(h)) for c, h in zip(pk, hw[:len(pk)])], axis=0)
print(f" paired subset, {len(pk)} clips / {len(set(spk))} speakers / {sum(n_p)} words:")
print(f" {'Whistle, 5-beam':22s} {corpus_wer(e_wp, n_p):6.2f}% S/D/I {s[0]:3d}/{s[1]:3d}/{s[2]:3d}")
for label, size, kw in SYSTEMS[split]:
res = [run_whisper(size, c["audio"], **kw) for c in pk]
hyps = [r[0] for r in res]
HYP[(split, label)] = hyps
e_o = [wer_counts(c["ref"], NORM_EN(h))[0] for c, h in zip(pk, hyps)]
s = np.sum([sdi(c["ref"], NORM_EN(h)) for c, h in zip(pk, hyps)], axis=0)
con = paired_contrast(spk, e_o, n_p, e_wp, label, "Whistle")
con["name"] = f"test-{split}: Whistle vs {label}"
CONTRASTS.append(con)
better, worse = sum(a < b for a, b in zip(e_wp, e_o)), sum(a > b for a, b in zip(e_wp, e_o))
print(f" {label:22s} {corpus_wer(e_o, n_p):6.2f}% S/D/I {s[0]:3d}/{s[1]:3d}/{s[2]:3d} fallback on {sum(r[1] for r in res):2d} clips "
f"{np.median([r[2] for r in res])*1000:5.0f} ms/clip | {fmt_contrast(con)} clips Whistle better/worse {better}/{worse}")
fam = [c for c in CONTRASTS if c["name"] in FAMILY_A]
print(f"\nContrasts so far (family A: {len(fam)} of 5; the Holm correction and the verdicts come once the MLS contrast is in):")
for c in CONTRASTS:
tag = "family A" if c["name"] in FAMILY_A else "descriptive"
print(f" {c['name']:48s} {fmt_contrast(c)} p~{c['p']:.3f} [{tag}]")
print("\n Whistle decodes with a 5-beam length-normalised search. openai-whisper's default is greedy with temperature")
print(" fallback; the Whisper paper's LibriSpeech numbers come from beam search, so the beam-5 rows are the like-for-like ones.")
print(" Every gap here is a system gap (model plus decoder), not a model-only one.")
return " | ".join(f"test-{s}: Whistle {corpus_wer(*zip(*[wer_counts(c['ref'], NORM_EN(h)) for c, h in zip(EN[s][:N_PAIRED[s]], HYP[(s, 'Whistle')][:N_PAIRED[s]])])):.2f}% "
f"vs base greedy {corpus_wer(*zip(*[wer_counts(c['ref'], NORM_EN(h)) for c, h in zip(EN[s][:N_PAIRED[s]], HYP[(s, 'whisper base, greedy')])])):.2f}%" for s in ("other", "clean"))
english_wer()

def audio_seconds(clips, seconds):
"""Exactly `seconds` of speech: clips concatenated in sample order, then trimmed."""
out, total = [], 0
for c in clips:
out.append(c["audio"])
total += c["dur"]
if total >= seconds:
break
return np.concatenate(out)[:int(seconds * SR)]
PROBE_SCRIPT = r"""
import sys, json, time, resource, numpy as np
kind, paths = sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2:]
scale = 1 << 20 if sys.platform == "darwin" else 1 << 10 # ru_maxrss is bytes on macOS, kilobytes on Linux
rss = lambda: resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_SELF).ru_maxrss / scale
out = {"kind": kind}
if kind.startswith("whistle"):
import needle
out["after_import"] = rss()
W = needle.Whistle()
run = lambda a: W.transcribe(a, language="en")
else:
import whisper, torch
out["after_import"] = rss()
size, kw = kind.split("-")[1], ({"beam_size": 5} if kind.endswith("beam5") else {})
m = whisper.load_model(size, device="cpu")
def run(a):
torch.manual_seed(0)
return m.transcribe(a, language="en", fp16=False, **kw)
clips = {p: np.load(p) for p in paths}
run(clips[paths[0]]) # warm-up
reps = 5 if kind.startswith("whistle") else 3
for p, a in clips.items():
ts = []
for _ in range(reps):
t0 = time.perf_counter(); r = run(a); ts.append(time.perf_counter() - t0)
out[p] = {"wall_ms": 1000 * float(np.median(ts)), "spread_ms": 1000 * float(np.ptp(ts))}
if kind.startswith("whistle"):
out[p].update(ttft_ms=r["ttft_ms"], tps=r["decode_tps"])
out["peak"] = rss()
print(json.dumps(out))
"""
@section("4. Speed and footprint: identical arrays, one fresh process per engine, total wall time and peak memory")
def speed():
pool = EN["other"]
print(f"hardware: {CPU}, {os.cpu_count()} cpus visible. Each engine runs in its own fresh process so torch's threads cannot slow")
print("Whistle down (or the reverse); Whistle's engine picks its own thread count. Primary measure: total wall time on the same")
print("float32 array, median of 5 (Whistle) or 3 (Whisper) after a warm-up. ttft_ms is the engine's own clock, for reference.\n")
for secs in (5, 10, 30):
np.save(f"clip{secs}.npy", audio_seconds(pool, secs))
open("probe.py", "w").write(PROBE_SCRIPT)
res = {}
for kind in ("whistle", "whisper-tiny", "whisper-base", "whisper-base-beam5"):
out = subprocess.run([sys.executable, "probe.py", kind, "clip5.npy", "clip10.npy", "clip30.npy"], capture_output=True, text=True, env=os.environ)
if out.returncode != 0:
raise RuntimeError(f"{kind} probe failed: {out.stderr[-300:]}")
res[kind] = json.loads(out.stdout.strip().splitlines()[-1])
print(f"{'clip':>6s} | {'Whistle wall':>12s} {'spread':>7s} {'ttft':>6s} {'tok/s':>6s} | {'tiny greedy':>11s} | {'base greedy':>11s} | {'base beam 5':>11s}")
for secs in (5, 10, 30):
p = f"clip{secs}.npy"
w = res["whistle"][p]
print(f"{secs:5d} s | {w['wall_ms']:9.0f} ms {w['spread_ms']:5.0f} ms {w['ttft_ms']:6.1f} {w['tps']:6.0f} | "
f"{res['whisper-tiny'][p]['wall_ms']:8.0f} ms | {res['whisper-base'][p]['wall_ms']:8.0f} ms | {res['whisper-base-beam5'][p]['wall_ms']:8.0f} ms")
w5, w10, w30 = (res["whistle"][p]["wall_ms"] for p in ("clip5.npy", "clip10.npy", "clip30.npy"))
b5, b10, b30 = (res["whisper-base"][p]["wall_ms"] for p in ("clip5.npy", "clip10.npy", "clip30.npy"))
bb5, bb10, bb30 = (res["whisper-base-beam5"][p]["wall_ms"] for p in ("clip5.npy", "clip10.npy", "clip30.npy"))
print(f"\nreal-time factor on the 10 s clip: Whistle {w10/10000:.4f}, base greedy {b10/10000:.3f}, base beam 5 {bb10/10000:.3f}")
print(f"base greedy / Whistle wall time: {b5/w5:.1f}x at 5 s, {b10/w10:.1f}x at 10 s, {b30/w30:.1f}x at 30 s; beam 5 / Whistle: "
f"{bb5/w5:.1f}x, {bb10/w10:.1f}x, {bb30/w30:.1f}x")
print(f"from 5 to 10 s the wall time grows {w10/w5:.2f}x for Whistle, {b10/b5:.2f}x for base greedy, {bb10/bb5:.2f}x for base beam 5;")
print(f"from 10 to 30 s: {w30/w10:.2f}x, {b30/b10:.2f}x, {bb30/bb10:.2f}x. Whisper's encoder always sees a padded 30 s window; its decoder")
print("still grows with the words it emits, so the padding fixes only part of its cost. The encoder is not timed separately here.")
print("\npeak RSS of each process (model loaded, three clips transcribed) and the RSS right after its imports:")
for kind in ("whistle", "whisper-tiny", "whisper-base"):
r = res[kind]
print(f" {kind:13s} peak {r['peak']:6.0f} MB after imports {r['after_import']:4.0f} MB -> {r['peak']-r['after_import']:4.0f} MB for the model and the run")
sizes = {"whistle.cact + engine": (os.path.getsize(weights) + os.path.getsize(engine)) / 1e6}
for size in ("tiny", "base"):
p = os.path.expanduser(f"~/.cache/whisper/{size}.pt")
sizes[f"whisper {size}.pt"] = os.path.getsize(p) / 1e6 if os.path.exists(p) else float("nan")
print("files on disk: " + ", ".join(f"{k} {v:.1f} MB" for k, v in sizes.items()) + " (file sizes, not deployed footprint)")
off = subprocess.run([sys.executable, "-c", "import needle, numpy as np; W = needle.Whistle(); print(W.transcribe(np.zeros(16000, np.float32))['text'] == '')"],
capture_output=True, text=True, env={**os.environ, "HF_HUB_OFFLINE": "1"})
print(f"fresh process with HF_HUB_OFFLINE=1 and the pinned paths: {'loads and runs' if 'True' in off.stdout else 'FAILED: ' + off.stderr[-200:]}")
return f"10 s clip: Whistle {w10:.0f} ms vs base greedy {b10:.0f} ms ({b10/w10:.1f}x, {b5/w5:.1f}x at 5 s, {b30/w30:.1f}x at 30 s); peak RSS {res['whistle']['peak']:.0f} vs {res['whisper-base']['peak']:.0f} MB"
speed()

def quiet_windows(a, limit=30.0, search=5.0, hop=0.2):
"""Cut before `limit` seconds at the quietest `hop`-second patch inside the last `search` seconds of each window."""
out, i, n, s, h = [], 0, int(limit * SR), int(search * SR), int(hop * SR)
while len(a) - i > n:
seg = a[i + n - s:i + n]
energy = [np.mean(seg[j:j + h] ** 2) for j in range(0, len(seg) - h, h // 4)]
cut = i + n - s + int(np.argmin(energy)) * (h // 4) + h // 2
out.append(a[i:cut])
i = cut
out.append(a[i:])
return out
def speaker_sessions(min_s=40, max_s=100, k=8):
"""Same-speaker concatenations (0.4 s gaps) from the sampled clips of both splits, longest speakers first."""
by = collections.defaultdict(list)
for split in ("other", "clean"):
for c in EN[split]:
by[c["spk"]].append(c)
out, gap = [], np.zeros(int(0.4 * SR), np.float32)
for spk, cs in sorted(by.items(), key=lambda kv: -sum(c["dur"] for c in kv[1])):
parts, used, total = [], [], 0
for c in cs:
if total + c["dur"] + 0.4 > max_s:
break
parts += [c["audio"], gap]
used.append(c)
total += c["dur"] + 0.4
if total >= min_s:
out.append({"spk": spk, "clips": used, "audio": np.concatenate(parts), "ref": " ".join(c["ref"] for c in used), "dur": total})
if len(out) == k:
break
return out
OTHER_ENGINE_SCRIPT = r"""
import sys, os, numpy as np
os.environ["NEEDLE3_LIB_PATH"] = sys.argv[1]
import needle
W = needle.Whistle()
a = np.load(sys.argv[2])
for secs in (30.0, 30.01, 45.0):
try:
r = W.transcribe(a[:int(secs * 16000)], language="en", word_timestamps=True)
print(f" {secs:6.2f} s -> {len(r['words'])} words, last word ends at {r['words'][-1]['end']:.2f} s")
except RuntimeError as e:
print(f" {secs:6.2f} s -> RuntimeError: {e}")
"""
@section("5. The 30-second window: what transcribe() does with longer audio, and two ways around it")
def long_audio():
global SESSIONS
SESSIONS = speaker_sessions()
s = SESSIONS[0]
gap = np.zeros(int(0.4 * SR), np.float32)
print(f"speaker {s['spk']}: {len(s['clips'])} utterances joined with 0.4 s gaps, {s['dur']:.0f} s, {len(s['ref'].split())} reference words")
print("the docs say transcribe() takes 'audio of any length, one pass up to 30 seconds and windowed beyond it'.")
print(f"the pinned engine {ENGINE_VERSION}, on whole utterances cut from the session so the reference is exact:\n")
print(f"{'audio':>7s} | {'ref words':>9s} {'hyp words':>9s} {'WER':>7s} | gaps longer than 3 s in the word timeline")
for target in (20, 29, 35, 45, 60, 90):
parts, refs, total = [], [], 0
for c in s["clips"]:
if total + c["dur"] + 0.4 > target:
break
parts += [c["audio"], gap]
refs.append(c["ref"])
total += c["dur"] + 0.4
if total < min(target, s["dur"]) - 8:
continue
a, ref = np.concatenate(parts), " ".join(refs)
r = W.transcribe(a, language="en", word_timestamps=True)
hyp = NORM_EN(r["text"])
gaps = [f"{w1['end']:.0f}-{w2['start']:.0f} s" for w1, w2 in zip(r["words"], r["words"][1:]) if w2["start"] - w1["end"] > 3]
print(f"{total:5.0f} s | {len(ref.split()):9d} {len(hyp.split()):9d} {100*jiwer.wer(ref, hyp or '<empty>'):6.1f}% | {', '.join(gaps) or 'none'}")
full = W.transcribe(s["audio"], language="en", word_timestamps=True)
hyp = NORM_EN(full["text"])
print(f"\nthe whole {s['dur']:.0f} s in one call: {len(hyp.split())} of {len(s['ref'].split())} words, WER {100*jiwer.wer(s['ref'], hyp or '<empty>'):.1f}%, "
f"nothing raised, engine ttft {full['ttft_ms']:.0f} ms")
# the same repo revision also holds a 3.2.0 engine wheel; a child process shows what that build does with the same audio
other_wheel = hf_hub_download("Cactus-Compute/needle3", needle_fetch.engine_wheel("3.2.0", TAG, 3), revision=NEEDLE3_REV)
with zipfile.ZipFile(other_wheel) as z:
member = next(n for n in z.namelist() if n.startswith("needle/libneedle"))
other = os.path.abspath(os.path.join("engine", "v3.2.0-" + os.path.basename(member)))
open(other, "wb").write(z.read(member))
np.save("session0.npy", s["audio"])
open("other_engine.py", "w").write(OTHER_ENGINE_SCRIPT)
out = subprocess.run([sys.executable, "other_engine.py", other, "session0.npy"], capture_output=True, text=True, env=os.environ)
print(f"\nthe 3.2.0 engine wheel from the same repo revision (sha256 {sha(other)}), in a child process, on the same audio:")
print(out.stdout.rstrip() or out.stderr[-300:])
print(" two builds, two behaviours: one windows and loses the middle, the other refuses. Either way the split is yours to make.\n")
print("workarounds on the whole clip, scored against the exact reference (one clip; the joins are 0.4 s of silence):")
results = {}
for name, wins in (("fixed 30 s windows", [s["audio"][i:i + 30 * SR] for i in range(0, len(s["audio"]), 30 * SR)]),
("fixed 25 s windows", [s["audio"][i:i + 25 * SR] for i in range(0, len(s["audio"]), 25 * SR)]),
("quiet-point cuts <= 30 s", quiet_windows(s["audio"], 30)),
("quiet-point cuts <= 20 s", quiet_windows(s["audio"], 20))):
t0 = time.perf_counter()
hyp = NORM_EN(" ".join(W.transcribe(w, language="en")["text"] for w in wins))
results[name] = 100 * jiwer.wer(s["ref"], hyp or "<empty>")
print(f" {name:26s} {len(wins):2d} calls WER {results[name]:5.2f}% {1000*(time.perf_counter()-t0):4.0f} ms "
f"windows of {', '.join(f'{len(w)/SR:.1f}' for w in wins)} s")
t0 = time.perf_counter()
steps = list(W.stream(iter([s["audio"][i:i + SR] for i in range(0, len(s["audio"]), SR)]), language="en"))
hyp = NORM_EN(" ".join(x["text"] for x in steps if x["text"]))
results["stream(), 1 s chunks"] = 100 * jiwer.wer(s["ref"], hyp or "<empty>")
print(f" {'stream(), 1 s chunks':26s} {len(steps):2d} passes WER {results['stream(), 1 s chunks']:5.2f}% {1000*(time.perf_counter()-t0):4.0f} ms")
best = min(results, key=results.get)
return (f"one call on {s['dur']:.0f} s keeps {len(NORM_EN(full['text']).split())}/{len(s['ref'].split())} words; {best}: {results[best]:.2f}% WER "
f"(fixed 30 s windows {results['fixed 30 s windows']:.2f}%)")
long_audio()

@section("6. Streaming: cost per pass, how long a word waits to be committed, and what chunk size changes")
def streaming():
durs = [s["dur"] for s in SESSIONS]
print(f"{len(SESSIONS)} same-speaker sessions of {', '.join(f'{x:.0f}' for x in durs)} s, "
f"{sum(len(s['ref'].split()) for s in SESSIONS)} reference words; the joins between utterances are artificial")
off = {c["id"]: h for split in ("other", "clean") for c, h in zip(EN[split], HYP[(split, "Whistle")])}
off_err = [sum(wer_counts(c["ref"], NORM_EN(off[c["id"]]))[0] for c in s["clips"]) for s in SESSIONS]
words = [len(s["ref"].split()) for s in SESSIONS]
print(f"the same utterances one at a time through transcribe() (the step 3 outputs): WER {100*sum(off_err)/sum(words):.2f}%\n")
print(f"{'chunk':>6s} {'sessions':>8s} | {'WER':>6s} | {'pass ms mean / max':>18s} | {'passes > 1 s':>12s} | {'commit latency median / p90':>27s} | {'words only in tail':>18s} | {'pass vs time r':>14s}")
summary, stream_err = {}, None
for chunk_s, sessions in ((1.0, SESSIONS), (0.5, SESSIONS[:2]), (1.0, SESSIONS[:2]), (2.0, SESSIONS[:2])):
n = int(chunk_s * SR)
errs, tail, allw = [], 0, 0
pass_ms, lat, rs = [], [], []
for s in sessions:
steps = list(W.stream(iter([s["audio"][i:i + n] for i in range(0, len(s["audio"]), n)]), language="en"))
errs.append(wer_counts(s["ref"], NORM_EN(" ".join(x["text"] for x in steps if x["text"])))[0])
body = steps[:-1]
pass_ms += [x["pass_ms"] for x in body]
lat += [x["received"] - wd["end"] for x in steps for wd in x["words"]]
tail += len(steps[-1]["words"])
allw += sum(len(x["words"]) for x in steps)
if len(body) > 2:
rs.append(np.corrcoef([x["received"] for x in body], [x["pass_ms"] for x in body])[0, 1])
w = words[:len(sessions)]
summary[(chunk_s, len(sessions))] = (100 * sum(errs) / sum(w), np.median(lat), np.mean(pass_ms))
if chunk_s == 1.0 and len(sessions) == len(SESSIONS):
stream_err = errs
print(f"{chunk_s:5.1f} s {len(sessions):8d} | {100*sum(errs)/sum(w):5.2f}% | {np.mean(pass_ms):9.0f} / {max(pass_ms):4.0f} | {sum(p > 1000 for p in pass_ms):12d} | "
f"{np.median(lat):12.2f} / {np.percentile(lat, 90):4.2f} s | {100*tail/allw:17.1f}% | {np.mean(rs):+.2f}")
c = paired_contrast(list(range(len(SESSIONS))), stream_err, words, off_err, "stream, 1 s chunks", "one utterance at a time")
print(f"\nstream (1 s chunks, 8 sessions) minus utterance-by-utterance: {c['diff']:+.2f} pts (95% session-cluster CI {c['lo']:+.2f}..{c['hi']:+.2f}, "
f"{c['clusters']} sessions) -> {'no significant difference' if c['lo'] <= 0 <= c['hi'] else 'a real gap'} at this n")
print(" pass_ms is the engine time per chunk; below the chunk length means real time. Commit latency is the stream time")
print(" at which a word was committed minus the word's end: each chunk re-transcribes the recent audio and commits what two")
print(" passes agree on, so the wait scales with the chunk. r is the correlation of pass time with stream time (buffer growth).")
print(" The three chunk sizes are compared on the same two sessions; the eight-session row is the headline for 1 s chunks.")
a8, a1, a05, a2 = summary[(1.0, len(SESSIONS))], summary[(1.0, 2)], summary[(0.5, 2)], summary[(2.0, 2)]
return (f"1 s chunks on 8 sessions: WER {a8[0]:.2f}% vs {100*sum(off_err)/sum(words):.2f}% utterance by utterance, median commit {a8[1]:.2f} s; "
f"on 2 sessions the median commit is {a05[1]:.2f} / {a1[1]:.2f} / {a2[1]:.2f} s for 0.5 / 1 / 2 s chunks")
streaming()

def auroc(scores, labels):
"""Probability that a random positive scores above a random negative (Mann-Whitney)."""
pos = [s for s, l in zip(scores, labels) if l]
neg = [s for s, l in zip(scores, labels) if not l]
if not pos or not neg:
return float("nan")
order = sorted((s, i) for i, s in enumerate(scores))
ranks, i = {}, 0
while i < len(order):
j = i
while j + 1 < len(order) and order[j + 1][0] == order[i][0]:
j += 1
for k in range(i, j + 1):
ranks[order[k][1]] = (i + j) / 2 + 1
i = j + 1
pos_idx = [i for i, l in enumerate(labels) if l]
return (sum(ranks[i] for i in pos_idx) - len(pos) * (len(pos) + 1) / 2) / (len(pos) * len(neg))
@section("7. Word timestamps and word probabilities: consistency, a known shift, agreement with Whisper, and what p < 0.7 means")
def timestamps():
import difflib
pk = EN["other"][:40]
key = lambda w: re.sub(r"[^a-z']", "", w.lower())
diffs, same, mono, shifts = [], 0, 0, []
probs, correct, durs = [], [], []
replay_hits = replay_n = 0
for i, c in enumerate(pk):
ws = W.transcribe(c["audio"], language="en", word_timestamps=True)["words"]
mono += all(a["start"] <= a["end"] <= b["start"] + 1e-6 for a, b in zip(ws, ws[1:]))
if i < 20: # a known shift: 2.000 s of zeros in front should move every word by 2.000 s
ws2 = W.transcribe(np.concatenate([np.zeros(2 * SR, np.float32), c["audio"]]), language="en", word_timestamps=True)["words"]
if ws2 and ws:
shifts.append(ws2[0]["start"] - ws[0]["start"])
if i < 20 and len(ws) >= 6: # cut the audio where word k ends and transcribe only the cut
k = len(ws) // 2
got = NORM_EN(W.transcribe(c["audio"][:int(ws[k]["end"] * SR)], language="en")["text"]).split()
exp = NORM_EN(" ".join(w["word"] for w in ws[:k + 1])).split()
replay_n += 1
replay_hits += got == exp
torch.manual_seed(0)
WHISPER_SECONDS["base"] += c["dur"]
ww = [w for s in whisper_model("base").transcribe(c["audio"], language="en", fp16=False, word_timestamps=True)["segments"] for w in s["words"]]
if [key(w["word"]) for w in ws] == [key(w["word"]) for w in ww]:
same += 1
diffs += [x["start"] - y["start"] for x, y in zip(ws, ww)] + [x["end"] - y["end"] for x, y in zip(ws, ww)]
H, tp, td = [], [], []
for w in ws:
for t in NORM_EN(w["word"]).split(): # "hmm" normalises to nothing, "didn't" to two tokens, as in the reference
H.append(t)
tp.append(w["probability"])
td.append(w["end"] - w["start"])
ok = [False] * len(H)
for tag, i1, i2, j1, j2 in difflib.SequenceMatcher(a=c["ref"].split(), b=H).get_opcodes():
if tag == "equal":
for j in range(j1, j2):
ok[j] = True
probs += tp
correct += ok
durs += td
diffs, shifts = np.abs(diffs), np.array(shifts)
print(f"{len(pk)} test-other clips: word times monotonic on {mono}/{len(pk)}")
print(f"2.000 s of silence prepended on 20 clips: first word moved by {np.median(shifts):.3f} s (median), within 50 ms of 2.000 on "
f"{100*np.mean(np.abs(shifts-2) <= 0.05):.0f}% of clips")
print(f"cut-and-replay: cutting the audio at a word's 'end' and transcribing the cut reproduced the exact word prefix on {replay_hits}/{replay_n} clips")
print(f"agreement with Whisper base's DTW word times, on the {same}/{len(pk)} clips where both emit the same words ({len(diffs)//2} words; a selected, easier subset):")
print(f" |boundary difference| median {np.median(diffs):.3f} s, within 100 ms {100*np.mean(diffs <= 0.1):.0f}%, within 200 ms "
f"{100*np.mean(diffs <= 0.2):.0f}% (agreement between two systems, not accuracy: there is no gold alignment)")
probs, correct, durs = np.array(probs), np.array(correct), np.array(durs)
print(f"\nword probability over {len(probs)} normalised tokens from {len(pk)} clips: median {np.median(probs):.3f}, 10th percentile {np.percentile(probs, 10):.3f}")
for lo, hi in ((0, 0.5), (0.5, 0.7), (0.7, 0.9), (0.9, 1.01)):
m = (probs >= lo) & (probs < hi)
if m.sum():
print(f" p in [{lo:.1f}, {min(hi, 1):.1f}): {m.sum():4d} words, {100*(~correct[m]).mean():5.1f}% wrong")
print(f" AUROC for 'this word is wrong': 1 - probability {auroc(-probs, ~correct):.3f}; word duration as a baseline (shorter = riskier) {auroc(-durs, ~correct):.3f}")
low, high = probs < 0.7, probs >= 0.7
return (f"shift {np.median(shifts):.2f} s; within 200 ms of Whisper on {100*np.mean(diffs <= 0.2):.0f}% of {len(diffs)//2} matched words; "
f"p<0.7 words wrong {100*(~correct[low]).mean():.0f}% vs {100*(~correct[high]).mean():.1f}%")
timestamps()

@section("8. Keyword biasing: an oracle ceiling, a matched wrong-keyword control and a distractor list")
def keywords():
import difflib
clips = EN["other"]
base = HYP[("other", "Whistle")]
freq = collections.Counter(w for c in clips for w in c["ref"].split())
def error_words(ref, hyp):
out = []
for tag, i1, i2, j1, j2 in difflib.SequenceMatcher(a=ref.split(), b=NORM_EN(hyp).split()).get_opcodes():
if tag in ("replace", "delete"):
out += ref.split()[i1:i2]
return sorted(set(out))
oracle = [error_words(c["ref"], h) for c, h in zip(clips, base)]
idx = [i for i, k in enumerate(oracle) if k]
print(f"{len(idx)}/{len(clips)} test-other clips have at least one Whistle error ({sum(len(oracle[i]) for i in idx)} distinct wrong words)")
print(" oracle keywords = the reference words Whistle got wrong on that clip (a CEILING: it reads the answer)")
print(" matched wrong = the next error clip's oracle list, minus every word the target clip actually says")
print(" distractor (8) = the 8 most frequent reference words of the whole sample that the target clip does not say")
print(" distractor (2) = the same list cut to 2 words, so its size matches the oracle and matched arms\n")
def matched_wrong(i):
donor = oracle[idx[(idx.index(i) + 1) % len(idx)]]
return [w for w in donor if w not in clips[i]["ref"].split()] or None
arms = {}
distractor = lambda i, k: [w for w, _ in freq.most_common(60) if w not in clips[i]["ref"].split()][:k]
for name, keylist in (("no keywords", lambda i: None), ("oracle (ceiling)", lambda i: oracle[i]), ("matched wrong", matched_wrong),
("distractor (8)", lambda i: distractor(i, 8)), ("distractor (2)", lambda i: distractor(i, 2))):
errs, words, ins, recovered, total_kw, bad_kw, bad_kw_base, n_kw = [], [], 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
for i in idx:
c = clips[i]
kws = keylist(i)
n_kw += len(kws or [])
h = base[i] if name == "no keywords" else W.transcribe(c["audio"], language="en", keywords=kws)["text"]
s, d, ins_i = sdi(c["ref"], NORM_EN(h))
errs.append(s + d + ins_i)
words.append(len(c["ref"].split()))
ins += ins_i
still_wrong = set(error_words(c["ref"], h))
recovered += sum(w not in still_wrong for w in oracle[i])
total_kw += len(oracle[i])
if kws and name != "oracle (ceiling)":
bad_kw += sum(w in NORM_EN(h).split() for w in kws)
bad_kw_base += sum(w in NORM_EN(base[i]).split() for w in kws)
arms[name] = (errs, words)
extra = f" wrong keywords in the output {bad_kw:3d} (already {bad_kw_base} without biasing)" if name not in ("no keywords", "oracle (ceiling)") else ""
print(f" {name:18s} {n_kw/len(idx):4.1f} keywords/clip WER {corpus_wer(errs, words):6.2f}% insertions {ins:3d} oracle words now right {recovered:3d}/{total_kw}{extra}")
spk = [clips[i]["spk"] for i in idx]
w = arms["no keywords"][1]
fam = []
for a, b in (("no keywords", "oracle (ceiling)"), ("matched wrong", "no keywords"), ("distractor (8)", "no keywords"),
("distractor (2)", "no keywords"), ("matched wrong", "oracle (ceiling)")):
c = paired_contrast(spk, arms[a][0], w, arms[b][0], a, b)
fam.append(c)
sig = holm([c["p"] for c in fam])
print(f"\n family B, {len(fam)} contrasts, Holm at 0.05:")
for c, s in zip(fam, sig):
print(f" WER({c['a']}) - WER({c['b']}) = {fmt_contrast(c)} p~{c['p']:.3f} {'significant' if s else 'not significant'}")
print(" the decisive contrast is matched wrong minus oracle: how much of the gain needs the right words, not just any words")
return (f"oracle ceiling {corpus_wer(*arms['oracle (ceiling)']):.2f}% vs {corpus_wer(*arms['no keywords']):.2f}% baseline; "
f"wrong keywords {corpus_wer(*arms['matched wrong']):.2f}%")
keywords()

MLS = {"de": "german", "fr": "french", "es": "spanish", "it": "italian", "nl": "dutch", "pl": "polish"}
WHISTLE_LANGS = ("en", "de", "fr", "es", "it", "nl", "pl")
N_PER_LANG = 12
PUBLISHED_MLS_BASE = {"nl": 28.4, "fr": 26.6, "de": 17.7, "it": 31.1, "pl": 22.8, "es": 12.8} # Whisper paper, table 10 (full splits)
def clopper_pearson_lower(k, n, alpha=0.05):
"""Exact one-sided 95% lower bound for a binomial proportion, by bisection on the binomial tail."""
lo, hi = 0.0, 1.0
for _ in range(60):
p = (lo + hi) / 2
tail = sum(math.comb(n, j) * p ** j * (1 - p) ** (n - j) for j in range(k, n + 1))
lo, hi = (p, hi) if tail < alpha else (lo, p)
return lo
@section("9. Six more languages on Multilingual LibriSpeech, pooled, with a symmetric language-ID test")
def multilingual():
rng = random.Random(SEED)
print(f"sampling rule, fixed in advance: {N_PER_LANG} clips per language from 3 random pages of 100 rows of each test split (seed {SEED});")
print("MLS pages are speaker-sorted, so the pages are the first stage of the sample. Normaliser: Whisper's BasicTextNormalizer on both sides.\n")
pooled = {"Whistle (forced)": [], "Whistle (detected)": [], "whisper base, greedy": []}
words, clusters, lid_w, lid_b, rows_out = [], [], 0, 0, []
wb = whisper_model("base")
for code, cfg in MLS.items():
total = page("facebook/multilingual_librispeech", cfg, "test", 0, 1)["num_rows_total"]
offsets = rng.sample(range(0, total, 100), 3)
rows = [r["row"] for off in offsets for r in page("facebook/multilingual_librispeech", cfg, "test", off)["rows"]]
sample = rng.sample(rows, N_PER_LANG)
e, n_words, spk = collections.defaultdict(list), [], []
for r in sample:
audio, h = load_audio(r)
MANIFEST.setdefault("mls", {}).setdefault(code, []).append([r["id"], h])
ref = NORM_BASIC(r["transcript"])
forced = W.transcribe(audio, language=code)["text"]
det = W.transcribe(audio)
lid_w += det["language"] == code
hb, _, _ = run_whisper("base", audio, language=code)
mel = whisper.log_mel_spectrogram(whisper.pad_or_trim(audio), n_mels=wb.dims.n_mels)
_, probs = wb.detect_language(mel)
lid_b += max(WHISTLE_LANGS, key=lambda l: probs.get(l, 0)) == code
for name, h in (("Whistle (forced)", forced), ("Whistle (detected)", det["text"]), ("whisper base, greedy", hb)):
e[name].append(wer_counts(ref, NORM_BASIC(h))[0])
n_words.append(len(ref.split()))
spk.append(f"{code}-{r['speaker_id']}")
for name in pooled:
pooled[name] += e[name]
words += n_words
clusters += spk
rows_out.append((code, len(sample), len(set(spk)), sum(n_words), corpus_wer(e["Whistle (forced)"], n_words), corpus_wer(e["whisper base, greedy"], n_words)))
print(f"{'lang':>4s} {'clips':>5s} {'spk':>3s} {'words':>5s} | {'Whistle':>8s} {'base':>8s} | Whisper base published on the full split (paper table 10)")
for code, n, s, nw, ww, wbase in rows_out:
print(f"{code:>4s} {n:5d} {s:3d} {nw:5d} | {ww:7.1f}% {wbase:7.1f}% | {PUBLISHED_MLS_BASE[code]}")
print(" per-language rows are descriptive: 12 clips from a handful of speakers cannot rank the systems within a language\n")
c = paired_contrast(clusters, pooled["whisper base, greedy"], words, pooled["Whistle (forced)"], "whisper base, greedy", "Whistle")
c["name"] = "MLS pooled: Whistle vs whisper base, greedy"
CONTRASTS.append(c)
print(f"pooled over {len(words)} clips / {c['clusters']} speakers / {sum(words)} words: Whistle (forced) {corpus_wer(pooled['Whistle (forced)'], words):.2f}%, "
f"whisper base greedy {corpus_wer(pooled['whisper base, greedy'], words):.2f}%; {fmt_contrast(c)} [family A]")
print(f"Whistle with the language detected instead of forced: {corpus_wer(pooled['Whistle (detected)'], words):.2f}%")
n = len(words)
print(f"language identification over the same seven labels: Whistle {lid_w}/{n} (one-sided 95% lower bound {100*clopper_pearson_lower(lid_w, n):.0f}%, "
f"treating clips as independent), whisper base {lid_b}/{n} (lower bound {100*clopper_pearson_lower(lid_b, n):.0f}%)")
json.dump(MANIFEST, open("manifest.json", "w"))
fam = [x for x in CONTRASTS if x["name"] in FAMILY_A]
sig = dict(zip([x["name"] for x in fam], holm([x["p"] for x in fam])))
print(f"\nfamily A complete ({len(fam)} contrasts), Holm at 0.05 (the printed CIs are unadjusted; the verdict uses the adjusted p):")
for x in fam:
v = verdict(x, sig[x["name"]])
VERDICTS.append((x["name"], fmt_contrast(x), v))
print(f" {x['name']:48s} {fmt_contrast(x)} p~{x['p']:.3f} -> {v}")
return f"pooled WER Whistle {corpus_wer(pooled['Whistle (forced)'], words):.1f}% vs base {corpus_wer(pooled['whisper base, greedy'], words):.1f}%; language ID {lid_w}/{n} vs {lid_b}/{n}"
multilingual()

@section("10. Non-speech, quiet speech and white noise at three SNRs, Whistle against Whisper base")
def noise():
rng = np.random.default_rng(SEED)
quiet = EN["other"][0]["audio"] * (10 ** (-30 / 20) / np.sqrt(np.mean(EN["other"][0]["audio"] ** 2)))
probes = {"5 s digital silence": np.zeros(5 * SR, np.float32),
"white noise, -40 dBFS": (rng.standard_normal(5 * SR) * 0.01).astype(np.float32),
"white noise, -20 dBFS": (rng.standard_normal(5 * SR) * 0.1).astype(np.float32),
"440 Hz tone, -20 dBFS": (0.1 * np.sqrt(2) * np.sin(2 * np.pi * 440 * np.arange(5 * SR) / SR)).astype(np.float32),
"speech scaled to -30 dBFS": quiet.astype(np.float32)}
print(f"{'input':>26s} | Whistle text / language | Whisper base text")
for name, x in probes.items():
w = W.transcribe(x, language="en")
b = run_whisper("base", x)[0].strip()
print(f"{name:>26s} | {w['text']!r} {w['language']!r} | {b!r}")
print(f" reference for the quiet clip: {EN['other'][0]['ref']}")
print(" an empty Whisper output is its no-speech gate, not evidence of quality; an empty Whistle output on real speech would be a miss\n")
clips = EN["other"][:20]
spk = [c["spk"] for c in clips]
words = [len(c["ref"].split()) for c in clips]
print(f"white noise on {len(clips)} test-other clips, {sum(words)} words, {len(set(spk))} speakers (directional at this n):")
print(f"{'condition':>14s} | {'Whistle':>8s} {'base greedy':>11s} | WER(base) - WER(Whistle), 95% speaker-cluster CI")
out = []
for snr in (None, 20, 10, 5):
xs = []
for c in clips:
if snr is None:
xs.append(c["audio"])
else:
n = rng.standard_normal(len(c["audio"])).astype(np.float32)
n *= np.sqrt((c["audio"] ** 2).mean() / ((n ** 2).mean() * 10 ** (snr / 10)))
y = c["audio"] + n
xs.append((y * min(1, 0.99 / np.abs(y).max())).astype(np.float32))
e_w = [wer_counts(c["ref"], NORM_EN(W.transcribe(x, language="en")["text"]))[0] for c, x in zip(clips, xs)]
e_b = [wer_counts(c["ref"], NORM_EN(run_whisper("base", x)[0]))[0] for c, x in zip(clips, xs)]
c = paired_contrast(spk, e_b, words, e_w, "base", "Whistle")
label = "clean" if snr is None else f"{snr} dB SNR"
out.append((label, corpus_wer(e_w, words), corpus_wer(e_b, words)))
print(f"{label:>14s} | {corpus_wer(e_w, words):7.1f}% {corpus_wer(e_b, words):10.1f}% | {c['diff']:+6.1f} ({c['lo']:+.1f}..{c['hi']:+.1f})")
print("\n Whistle's front end keeps roughly 250-3500 Hz while Whisper's covers 0-8 kHz, so the two systems do not see the same")
print(" noise; this compares them as shipped, and at n = 20 none of the differences is distinguishable from zero.")
return "; ".join(f"{l}: {w:.0f}% vs {b:.0f}%" for l, w, b in out[1:])
noise()

@section("11. Speech embeddings: the measured frame rate, and finding a spoken word inside another clip")
def embeddings():
frames = {}
for secs in (1, 10, 30):
v = np.asarray(W.embed(audio_seconds(EN["other"], secs)), np.float32)
frames[secs] = len(v) // 256
print(f"{secs:2d} s of audio -> {len(v):7d} floats = {len(v)//256:4d} frames x 256 ({len(v)/256/secs:.1f} frames/s, {1000*secs/(len(v)/256):.1f} ms per frame)")
fps = frames[10] / 10
try:
W.embed(np.zeros(31 * SR, np.float32))
except RuntimeError as e:
print(f"31 s -> RuntimeError: {e}")
print("\nspoken-term search: embed clip A whole, keep the frames under one word's own timestamps as the query (the encoder is")
print("non-causal, so those frames carry context), slide the query over clip B's frames with a cosine score. Pool: the first 120")
print("test-other clips; words of 5+ letters and 0.25 s+, first two occurrences in different clips; a hit is a peak within 0.3 s.")
clips = [c for c in EN["other"][:120]]
key = lambda w: re.sub(r"[^a-z']", "", w.lower())
occurrences = collections.defaultdict(list)
for i, c in enumerate(clips):
for w in W.transcribe(c["audio"], language="en", word_timestamps=True)["words"]:
if len(key(w["word"])) >= 5 and w["end"] - w["start"] >= 0.25:
occurrences[key(w["word"])].append((i, w["start"], w["end"]))
pairs = [(k, o[0], o[1]) for k, o in occurrences.items() if len(o) >= 2 and o[0][0] != o[1][0]]
cache = {}
def frames_of(i):
if i not in cache:
v = np.asarray(W.embed(clips[i]["audio"]), np.float32).reshape(-1, 256)
cache[i] = v / (np.linalg.norm(v, axis=1, keepdims=True) + 1e-8)
return cache[i]
hits = n = 0
chance, tol = [], 0.3
for k, (ia, sa, ea), (ib, sb, eb) in pairs[:60]:
q = frames_of(ia)[int(sa * fps):max(int(sa * fps) + 2, int(ea * fps))]
T = frames_of(ib)
if len(T) <= len(q):
continue
scores = np.array([(q * T[j:j + len(q)]).sum(1).mean() for j in range(len(T) - len(q) + 1)])
peak = (scores.argmax() + len(q) / 2) / fps
hit = sb - tol <= peak <= eb + tol
hits += hit
n += 1
chance.append((eb - sb + 2 * tol) / clips[ib]["dur"])
if n <= 3:
print(f" {k!r:14s} query {ea-sa:.2f} s from clip {ia:3d} -> peak at {peak:5.2f} s in clip {ib:3d}; the word is spoken at {sb:.2f}-{eb:.2f} s: {'hit' if hit else 'miss'}")
print(f" {hits}/{n} peaks inside the target word (+-{tol} s); a random position would land there about {100*np.mean(chance):.0f}% of the time")
print(" the encoder output is a content representation at frame level; it is not a speaker or sentence embedding")
return f"{fps:.1f} frames/s x 256 floats; spoken-term search {hits}/{n} hits (chance ~{100*np.mean(chance):.0f}%)"
embeddings()

INTENTS = {"abroad": "Using the card or account while travelling or abroad",
"address": "Change, update or confirm the postal address on the account",
"app_error": "The banking app or website shows an error or does not work",
"atm_limit": "The daily ATM cash withdrawal limit",
"balance": "Check the current account balance",
"business_loan": "Apply for or ask about a business loan",
"card_issues": "A card is lost, stolen, blocked, declined or not working",
"cash_deposit": "Deposit or transfer cash into the account",
"direct_debit": "Set up, change or cancel a direct debit or standing order",
"freeze": "Freeze, block or unfreeze the account or card",
"high_value_payment": "Make or authorize a large or high-value payment or transfer",
"joint_account": "Open or ask about a joint account with another person",
"latest_transactions": "See the latest or recent transactions and payments",
"pay_bill": "Pay a bill or make a payment to a company"}
N_MINDS = 200
@section("12. From speech to a tool call: Whistle transcripts into Needle 3 on MInDS-14 banking requests")
def speech_to_tools():
tools = [{"name": n, "description": d, "parameters": {"type": "object", "properties": {}}} for n, d in INTENTS.items()]
print(f"14 tools, one per MInDS-14 intent, descriptions fixed before the first call (sha256 {hashlib.sha256(json.dumps(tools).encode()).hexdigest()[:12]})")
first = page("PolyAI/minds14", "en-US", "train", 0, 1)
names = next(f for f in first["features"] if f["name"] == "intent_class")["type"]["names"]
assert names == list(INTENTS), names
rows = all_rows("PolyAI/minds14", "en-US", "train")
sample = random.Random(SEED).sample(rows, N_MINDS)
clips, too_long = [], 0
for r in sample:
audio, h = load_audio(r) # 8 kHz telephone wav, resampled to 16 kHz by load_audio
MANIFEST.setdefault("minds14", []).append([r["path"], h])
if len(audio) / SR > MAX_CLIP_S: # the same pre-declared filter as step 2: the engine refuses longer clips
too_long += 1
continue
clips.append({"audio": audio, "ref": r["transcription"], "intent": names[r["intent_class"]], "dur": len(audio) / SR})
t0 = time.perf_counter()
hyps = [W.transcribe(c["audio"], language="en")["text"] for c in clips]
tw = time.perf_counter() - t0
e, n = zip(*[wer_counts(NORM_EN(c["ref"]), NORM_EN(h)) for c, h in zip(clips, hyps)])
json.dump(MANIFEST, open("manifest.json", "w"))
print(f"{len(clips)} of the {N_MINDS} sampled clips ({len(rows)} rows in the split; {too_long} dropped for exceeding {MAX_CLIP_S:.0f} s; "
f"{sum(c['dur'] for c in clips)/60:.1f} min of 8 kHz telephone speech): Whistle WER {corpus_wer(e, n):.1f}% "
f"against the casual MInDS-14 transcriptions, {1000*tw/len(clips):.0f} ms per clip")
for c, h in list(zip(clips, hyps))[:2]:
print(f" [{c['intent']}] ref: {c['ref'][:72]}\n {' ' * (len(c['intent']) + 2)} hyp: {h[:72]}")
t0 = time.perf_counter()
agent = needle.Needle(tools=tools, auto_date=False) # no date fact in the prompt, so the result does not depend on the clock
print(f"\nNeedle 3 loaded in {time.perf_counter()-t0:.1f} s into the same engine; Whistle stays loaded beside it")
def route(texts):
out = []
for t in texts:
r = agent.complete(t)
agent.reset()
calls = [c["name"] for c in r.get("function_calls", [])]
out.append((calls[0] if calls else None, r.get("confidence") or 0.0, r.get("peak_ram_mb")))
return out
truth = [c["intent"] for c in clips]
res = {}
for label, texts in (("reference transcripts", [c["ref"] for c in clips]), ("Whistle transcripts", hyps)):
t0 = time.perf_counter()
res[label] = route(texts)
right = np.array([p == y for (p, _, _), y in zip(res[label], truth)])
conf = np.array([c for _, c, _ in res[label]])
print(f" routing from {label:21s}: {100*right.mean():.1f}% correct, {sum(p is None for p, _, _ in res[label])} refusals, "
f"{1000*(time.perf_counter()-t0)/len(texts):.0f} ms/call, confidence when right {conf[right].mean():.2f} vs wrong {conf[~right].mean():.2f}")
a = [p == y for (p, _, _), y in zip(res["reference transcripts"], truth)]
b = [p == y for (p, _, _), y in zip(res["Whistle transcripts"], truth)]
only_ref, only_wh = sum(x and not y for x, y in zip(a, b)), sum(y and not x for x, y in zip(a, b))
m = only_ref + only_wh
p_mc = min(1.0, 2 * sum(math.comb(m, j) for j in range(min(only_ref, only_wh) + 1)) / 2 ** m) if m else 1.0
print(f" discordant clips: right only from the reference text {only_ref}, right only from Whistle's text {only_wh} (exact McNemar p = {p_mc:.2f})")
conf = collections.Counter((y, p) for (p, _, _), y in zip(res["Whistle transcripts"], truth) if p != y)
print(" most common confusions (truth -> call): " + ", ".join(f"{y} -> {p} x{k}" for (y, p), k in conf.most_common(3)))
off = route([NORM_EN(h) for h in HYP[("other", "Whistle")][:40]])
print(f" 40 LibriSpeech sentences (off-topic): {sum(p is None for p, _, _ in off)} refused, {sum(p is not None for p, _, _ in off)} given a banking tool call")
print(f" peak_ram_mb reported by Needle: {res['Whistle transcripts'][-1][2]} MB (this whole process, Whisper models included). MInDS-14 is public,")
print(" so training-set overlap cannot be ruled out for either model, and the tool descriptions are ours: the number moves with them.")
return f"routing {100*np.mean(b):.0f}% right from Whistle's text vs {100*np.mean(a):.0f}% from the reference text; WER {corpus_wer(e, n):.0f}%"
speech_to_tools()

banner("SUMMARY")
for name, res in RESULTS.items():
print(f" {name:<104s} {res}")
print("\nVerdicts on the published-claim contrasts (family A, 95% speaker-cluster paired bootstrap, unadjusted CIs, Holm over 5):")
for claim, measured, v in VERDICTS:
print(f" {claim:<48s} {measured:<58s} {v}")
print(f"\nWhisper audio transcribed in this run: " + ", ".join(f"{k} {v/60:.1f} min" for k, v in WHISPER_SECONDS.items())
+ f"; hardware {CPU}")
print("""
What to carry over
- Pin the Hub revisions of whistle.cact, the engine wheel and needle3.cact and print their hashes; both repos replace files in
place, and the engine version the package wants is in needle.agent.fetch.ENGINE_VERSIONS, not in the package version.
- Score with the same normalizer on both sides of each comparison, sample with a fixed seed, cluster the bootstrap by speaker.
- Say which Whisper you compared against: greedy (the package default) and beam search (the paper's numbers) differ.
- Keep a single transcribe() call under 30 s; cut longer audio yourself (quiet points worked best on this clip) or use stream().
- Word probability is a usable error signal, keyword biasing has a ceiling, embeddings are content frames.
Where to go next
- pip install "cactus-needle[mic,compare]" then needle whistle compare clip.wav runs one clip through Whistle, Whisper and Moonshine.
- needle download <platform> fetches the engine for macOS, Linux, Android, iOS, RISC-V, MIPS, the browser or WASI; the native
runner takes --model needle3.cact --model whistle.cact --tools tools.json --audio clip.wav for audio-to-tool-calls in one call.
- The weights also ship as safetensors, and fine-tuning for new languages is being discussed in the repository's issues.
- Docs: cactuscompute.com/whistle Code: github.com/cactus-compute/needle Weights: huggingface.co/Cactus-Compute/whistle
""")