*Since my original study, researchers discovered a fourth N: nice.
Bastian, B., & Loughnan, S. (2017). Resolving the meat-paradox: A motivational account of morally troublesome behavior and its maintenance. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21(3), 278–299.
Bastian, B., Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., & Radke, H. R. M. (2012). Don’t mind meat? The denial of mind to animals used for human consumption. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(2), 247–256.
Bratanova, B., Loughnan, S., & Bastian, B. (2011). The effect of categorization as food on the perceived moral standing of animals. Appetite, 57(1), 193–196.
Dennert, J. W. (2021, July 30). The Kallikak family: A study in the heredity of feeble-mindedness (1912), by Henry Herbert Goddard. Embryo Project Encyclopedia. Arizona State University.
Dhont, K., Hodson, G., & Leite, A. C. (2016). Common ideological roots of speciesism and generalized ethnic prejudice: The Social Dominance Human–Animal Relations Model (SD–HARM). European Journal of Personality, 30(6), 507–522.
Dhont, K., Sutton, R., & Ioannidou, M. (Eds.). (2027). Animal and vegan advocacy: The psychological science and practice of attitude, behavior, and social change. Routledge.
Drescher, J. (2015). Out of DSM: Depathologizing homosexuality. Behavioral Sciences, 5(4), 565–575.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2023). Pathways towards lower emissions: A global assessment of the greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation options from livestock agrifood systems.
Hedges, C. (2003). What every person should know about war. Free Press.
Human Rights Watch. (2019, September 4). “When we’re dead and buried, our bones will keep hurting”: Workers’ rights under threat in US meat and poultry plants.
Joy, M. (2010). Why we love dogs, eat pigs, and wear cows: An introduction to carnism. Conari Press.
Kunst, J. R., & Hohle, S. M. (2016). Meat eaters by dissociation: How we present, prepare and talk about meat increases willingness to eat meat by reducing empathy and disgust. Appetite, 105, 758–774.
Longobardi, C., & Badenes-Ribera, L. (2019). The relationship between animal cruelty in children and adolescent and interpersonal violence: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 46, 201–211.
Melina, V., Craig, W., & Levin, S. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian diets. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(12), 1970–1980.
Monteiro, C. A., Pfeiler, T. M., Patterson, M. D., & Milburn, M. A. (2017). The Carnism Inventory: Measuring the ideology of eating animals. Appetite, 113, 51–62.
Mood, A., & Brooke, P. (2024). Estimating global numbers of fishes caught from the wild annually from 2000 to 2019. Animal Welfare, 33, e6.
Piazza, J., Ruby, M. B., Loughnan, S., Luong, M., Kulik, J., Watkins, H. M., & Seigerman, M. (2015). Rationalizing meat consumption: The 4Ns. Appetite, 91, 114–128.
Pohl, E., & Lee, S.-R. (2024). Local and global public health and emissions from concentrated animal feeding operations in the USA: A scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(7), 916.
Reilly, P. R. (2015). Eugenics and involuntary sterilization: 1907–2015. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 16, 351–368.
Roser, M. (2023, September 26). How many animals get slaughtered every day? Our World in Data.
Ruby, M. B., & Heine, S. J. (2012). Too close to home: Factors predicting meat avoidance. Appetite, 59(1), 47–52.
Ruby, M. B., Rothgerber, H., & Hopwood, C. J. (2023). The psychology of eating animals and veg*nism. Appetite, 187, Article 106582.
Sentience Institute. (2020). Animals, food, and technology (AFT) survey: 2020 update.
Society for the Psychology of Human-Animal Intergroup Relations. (n.d.-a). Journal.
Society for the Psychology of Human-Animal Intergroup Relations. (n.d.-b). PHAIR Society.