United States immigration authorities have dramatically stepped up detentions and deportations since January 2025, when Donald Trump became president.
Trump campaigned on a pledge to implement the “largest deportation operation in American history”. Officers with the Department of Homeland Security, the agency tasked with the crackdown, now make thousands of arrests a day across the country.
That includes people who are seeking asylum in the US, who are supposed to be given a chance to explain dangers they might face in their home country. And US law and international treaties, like the United Nations Convention Against Torture, prohibit authorities from deporting someone to any country in which they will be persecuted or tortured.
Many of those being detained in the US immigration crackdown say they are at risk of being hurt or killed if they return to their native countries, so the Trump administration has looked for alternative places to deport them, including places someone might have no cultural or legal ties to.
Third-country deportations, as the practice is known, have been criticised by the US as well as global rights groups like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, as well as the UN.
Critics of the practice say some of the countries taking in the deportees have a record of human rights abuses themselves, or are so dangerous that the US government tells its own citizens not to travel there. They also say there is little to ensure these third countries will give deportees a fair hearing on their cases for asylum, and in the end might send them back to their native countries to face persecution there.
Third-country deportations are not new, but rights groups say they were extremely rare before the Trump administration, and have never been used by the US at the scale they are now. Those being sent to other countries, rights groups say, would not have been deported without their consent. Some US courts have said the practice is illegal, but the US Supreme Court has allowed it to continue, including in a ruling in September.
Experts at the UN have said the practice was leading to a “cascade of human rights violations” across the globe, threatening to undo norms around how refugees and asylum seekers are treated.
A closer look at the third-country deportations
Rights groups have tried to tally forcible third-country deportations, and according to the nonprofits Refugees International and Human Rights First, more than 25,000 people have been subject to forcible third-country deportations so far, based on media reports and information from attorneys.
The Department of Homeland Security’s own data includes more than 16,000 cases of third-country deportations since Trump came into office in January 2025 and August 2026, the latest month for which data is available. The data, provided to the Deportation Data Project based at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of California, Los Angeles and analysed by Al Jazeera, is likely an undercount.
Deportations to these countries need the approval of authorities there, so the Trump administration has sought to make agreements, or reach informal understandings on how to send deportees to a growing list of countries.
Some countries have agreed to keep deportees in prisons, like El Salvador and Eswatini.
Others have agreed to hold deportees temporarily, with some signing Asylum Cooperative Agreements with the US, or “Safe Third Country Agreements”, which allow deportees to pursue asylum claims in a third country that has agreed to host them.
According to rights groups Refugees International and Human Rights First, many of those deported have no idea where they are being sent, and end up finding themselves in countries where they do not speak the language and have little cultural understanding. Some don’t even have any documents like passports or identification cards, making it difficult to live there.
The list of countries people are being deported to has grown as the US offers financial aid, or business or visa concessions, in exchange for countries taking in third-country nationals the Trump administration wants to remove.
Liberia has agreed to take up to 1,200 deportees, for instance. The Trump administration at one point said it would extend the validity of certain visas for Liberians from 12 to 36 months, and has committed $124m for the country’s health services.
In Cameroon, which agreed to take third-country nationals from the US in December 2025, the Trump administration has pledged to give $30m for the UN’s refugee work there, and $400m over the coming years for the country’s health services.