Government websites in Europe and elsewhere went offline on Wednesday after the disclosure of critical vulnerabilities in a widely used programming language sent website operators around the world scrambling to protect their systems.
Developers of the PHP programming language on Wednesday released urgent new fixes to vulnerabilities that had quietly been lurking in their software for years until they were uncovered using AI, saying that all users were "encouraged to update immediately."
With tech firms warning that some hackers were already exploiting the flaws, government agencies across Europe were among those that took sites offline as a precaution.
Because a fix is now public and artificial intelligence tools are able to reverse engineer the bug with little effort, experts said they were bracing for a wave of intrusions as hackers jumped to get ahead of the updates.
AI was powering a "race to exploit," said Costin Raiu, co-founder of cybersecurity research and incident response firm TLP:Black. He said the next step was the "mass compromise of every vulnerable web server on the internet."
PHP - a language that dates back to the early 1990s and initially stood for "Personal Home Page" - underpins huge parts of the public-facing web and is baked into WordPress, Drupal, Joomla and Magento sites, meaning that any critical vulnerability potentially has enormous knock-on consequences.
"All servers using any version of PHP released in the last 20 years will be vulnerable," said Tiffany Farriss, the interim chief executive of the Drupal Association. "This issue impacts the majority of the Internet."
Cybersecurity agencies around the world have urged PHP users to update immediately or take websites offline until patches can be applied.
According to data from Censys, the internet intelligence firm, about 1.5 million out of 2.6 million hosts report running a version of PHP for which there is no fix.
The Dutch cybersecurity agency itself went offline, saying it had done so as a precaution because of the vulnerabilities. The operator of the online encyclopedia Wikipedia also said it had taken down an unspecified number of systems until they could be safely patched, while the Internet Archive, the sprawling online library, said it also briefly went offline to deal with the issue.
Even some world leaders, who don't typically get involved with software updates, weighed in. The Dutch prime minister said he was closely monitoring the situation. Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi in a post on X said website owners should "check whether your live site uses PHP and prepare to apply the new fix."
Bug found with AI
The flaw in PHP was discovered using artificial intelligence, two cybersecurity companies said in independent reports. Calif said in a blog post it found the flaws with the help of a large language model on August 1 and had been working on a fix ever since. Alphabet-owned cybersecurity company Wiz said in a blog post that it too had discovered it with the help of Wiz Atlas, its autonomous AI vulnerability research tool, as well as Google's Gemini 4 Argon and OpenAI's GPT-5.6 Sol.
The vulnerabilities remained hidden in the PHP codebase for more than a decade and would have been extraordinarily complicated for a human hacker to have taken advantage of, Wiz's post said.
"Pre-AI, this manual work would be difficult to implement and even harder to scale," it said. "With AI, this is no longer a barrier." Calif and Wiz said they coordinated with one another and the PHP team and OpenAI on the discovery.
In a statement, the White House said it was made aware of the flaw on Friday.
"This discovery demonstrates exactly why American leadership in SI is so critical," the White House said, referring to President Donald Trump's preferred term for artificial intelligence. "This is American innovation strengthening our national security.”
Critical software
PHP is a programming language used to run websites. When a visitor loads a page, a server running PHP assembles the content and sends it to the browser. It is free, open-source software maintained by volunteers.
Its ubiquity - PHP runs roughly 75% of websites whose programming language can be identified, according to web technology tracker W3Techs - has made experts anxious. AI-assisted hacking campaigns, which have proliferated in recent weeks, could wreak havoc on unpatched servers, said Lukasz Olejnik, a visiting senior research fellow at King's College London.
"The scale is huge, and with AI exploitation may happen instantly," Olejnik said.
WordPress.com operator Automattic said users of its hosted solutions and Tumblr were safe from the bug. Risks were higher for small PHP-powered websites run by individuals or organisations with limited technical resources, often on shared hosting services where customers do not directly manage the underlying servers.
Mass outages
In the Netherlands, several organisations followed the example of the National Cyber Security Centre and took public-facing websites offline, including the Port of Rotterdam, government portal Overheid.nl, the national soccer association KNVB, the websites for the country's five largest political parties and several hospital websites.
Danish municipal IT company Kombit said it had shut down several services, including the national school communication platform.
Disruption was even more widespread in Finland, where state IT services provider Valtori said government public network services had been taken offline "as a precautionary measure."
France's Interior Ministry said it had placed all of its websites into preventive maintenance.