Google says its $15 billion Visakhapatnam AI hub will use air cooling to limit water consumption, but protests over land acquisition, environmental risks and employment persist. The facility is expected to become operational in 2028.
Google has defended its $15 billion artificial intelligence (AI) data centre project in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, saying it will use advanced air-cooling technology rather than water-based systems as concerns over the region’s freshwater resources intensify.
Google stands by its $15 billion AI hub in Vizag
The project, described by the company as its largest AI hub outside the United States, has attracted protests from residents and environmental campaigners over water availability, land acquisition, ecological risks and the number of jobs likely to reach local communities.
Alexander Smith, Google’s head of infrastructure and energy for Asia-Pacific, told Agence France-Presse (AFP) that the company had assessed the local watershed before selecting its cooling technology. The findings indicated pressure on local water resources, he said, prompting the decision to use air cooling.
Smith said Google conducts independent environmental assessments 12 to 24 months before a project begins, examining factors including power supply, grid stability, water risks, ecology and noise.
The facility is expected to become operational in 2028 and forms part of Google’s planned $15 billion investment in India over five years, from 2026 to 2030.
Water and environmental concerns persist
Google’s assurances have not ended opposition to the project. Residents fear that the data centre, alongside other proposed facilities in the region, could put additional pressure on electricity supplies, affect local ecosystems and worsen existing water shortages.
The company has pledged to replenish 120 per cent of the freshwater used for non-cooling needs across its operations by 2030. Smith also said Google would fund required power infrastructure upgrades and invest in additional clean-energy projects in Visakhapatnam.
However, environmental campaigners are seeking greater transparency over the project’s potential impact. According to The Guardian, three petitions challenging its environmental clearances have been filed before the National Green Tribunal, alleging that assessments of environmental and water-related risks were inadequate.
Land acquisition has also become contentious. Some villagers in Tarluvada have alleged that land was taken without adequate notice and that promised benefits have not materialised. The Andhra Pradesh government has disputed claims of forcible acquisition, saying eligible residents received compensation.
Jobs and economic benefits under scrutiny
Employment is another point of disagreement. Google estimates that a development of this scale could generate around $688 million in local economic activity annually.
It says a typical data centre project employs about 4,200 construction workers a year during a three-to-five-year building period and supports hundreds of specialist on-site roles once operational.
The Andhra Pradesh government has projected 188,000 direct and indirect jobs from the development. Campaigners, however, question whether a capital-intensive industry will provide enough employment for residents who need work on a much larger scale.
Gutta Rohith of the Human Rights Forum told AFP that the region needed mass employment and labour-intensive industries rather than investments that generate comparatively fewer permanent jobs.
The dispute reflects a wider question facing communities hosting large technology projects: whether the economic gains will be shared locally while residents bear the environmental and social costs.
Google has described the investment as a multi-decade commitment, pointing to Visakhapatnam’s connectivity and access to international submarine internet cables as advantages for building an AI and digital infrastructure hub.
For now, the company’s air-cooling pledge addresses one of the most prominent concerns, but questions over land, environmental clearances and employment remain unresolved. The project’s progress will be watched closely as India expands its data centre capacity to meet growing demand for AI computing.
About the Author
Trisha Bhattacharya
Trisha Bhattacharya is a Senior Content Producer at Livemint, with over two years of experience covering entertainment news from India and beyond. She spends her days tracking what’s trending, breaking down pop culture moments, and turning fast-moving entertainment stories into sharp, engaging reads that actually make people want to click — and stay. <br> She holds a Master’s degree in English Literature from Lucknow University, a background that shapes her love for layered narratives, strong voices, and stories that linger long after they’re told. Before joining Livemint, Trisha worked with India Today as an entertainment journalist and film critic. There, she reviewed films, covered industry news, and built a strong foundation in storytelling and cultural analysis. <br> Trisha enjoys working at the intersection of media, culture, and audience interest, always looking for fresh angles and formats. Films, shows, and music are not just her beat but her biggest passion — something that naturally reflects in her writing. Whether it’s cinema, streaming shows, music, or internet trends, she approaches every story with curiosity and intent. <br> Outside the job description, she’s unapologetically passionate about films, shows, and music — sometimes a little too passionate, if you ask her. That enthusiasm often spills into her work, adding personality, urgency, and a touch of chaos that keeps her writing alive. For Trisha, entertainment isn’t just a beat — it’s a language she speaks fluently.