Electric motors drew 13,462 TWh of electricity in 2023, with motor-driven loads accounting for 72% of power use in industry and 87% in agriculture. Many still run at constant speed even when demand fluctuates, and researchers say demand-based speed control could cut motor electricity use by as much as 25%, trimming global consumption by about 10%.
Key Takeaways
- Electric motors consumed 13,462 TWh in 2023, or 53% of global electricity, according to the IEA. Motor-driven demand grew 26% between 2015 and 2023, outpacing total electricity growth of 24%.
- Motors account for 72% of industrial power use, 87% in agriculture, and 86% in transportation, compared with 36% in buildings.
- Fraunhofer ICT estimates demand-based speed control could save 140 TWh a year in the EU, about 5% of the bloc’s electricity, while avoiding roughly 38 million metric tons of CO2.
Behind almost every modern convenience is a motor quietly pulling watts, from factory conveyors and water pumps to HVAC fans and EV drivetrains. The IEA puts the 2023 tally at 13,462 TWh, with motors alone responsible for 53% of global electricity use. A big reason the number stays so high is that many systems keep running at fixed speed even as real demand rises and falls, wasting power for no productive gain. Researchers including teams in Germany argue that widespread, demand-driven speed control could turn those invisible losses into one of the fastest efficiency wins across industry, buildings, transport, and agriculture.
The quiet load on the grid
If you’ve been watching power demand in the US climb alongside data centers, EVs, and heat pumps, here’s a piece many people miss: the motors inside almost everything. According to a recent synthesis from the International Energy Agency, electric motor driven systems were the single biggest end use of electricity worldwide in 2023, and their growth is outpacing overall consumption.
The IEA’s motor systems platform estimates motors and the equipment they drive used 13,462 TWh in 2023, or 53% of global electricity. Between 2015 and 2023, that motor related demand rose 26%, slightly faster than total electricity use, which rose 24%.
Where motors dominate, from factories to farms
The numbers get even sharper when you break them down by sector. The IEA analysis attributes 72% of industrial electricity use to motors, alongside 87% in agriculture and 86% in transportation, with buildings lower at 36%. This is the case because motors are the hidden muscle behind pumps, fans, compressors, conveyors, HVAC equipment, and a rising share of vehicles.
For American readers, it’s hard not to connect that to what’s happening at home: more electrified industrial processes, more air conditioning load, more heat pump installations, and more EVs hitting roads. Each adds motor load that doesn’t always show up as a headline line item.
Speed control: the efficiency lever hiding in plain sight
A big inefficiency is surprisingly basic: many motors run at constant speed even when the job varies by the hour. Engineers lean on “affinity laws” for pumps and fans: cut speed, and power demand can drop dramatically. That’s why controls like variable frequency drives (VFDs) matter so much for real world energy savings.
Researchers at Fraunhofer ICT looked at pumps, fans, and compressors across Europe and found a large installed base still operating at fixed speed. Their estimate: demand-based speed control could save 140 TWh per year in the European Union, roughly 5% of the bloc’s electricity use, and avoid about 38 million metric tons of CO2 annually (comparable to burning about 3.75 billion gallons of diesel).
What it means for US industry, buildings, and policy
The US has its own efficiency rules and utility rebate programs for motors and drives, but the bigger takeaway is economic: the savings often come from the system, not just the motor nameplate. Better controls can also improve process stability, from water systems and building ventilation to manufacturing lines where consistent torque and speed protect throughput.
So the question is less “do motors matter,” and more: how many of the motors already installed could be taught to slow down when they can?