Chinese physicists have discovered that a tipping point – a threshold where a physical system rapidly shifts states – can possess a smooth mathematical structure resembling a doughnut’s hole, challenging a belief that the two phenomena must be studied separately.
For decades, mainstream physicists have mostly treated critical phenomena, which describe how physical systems change at critical points, and topology, which studies the properties of geometry, as separate areas of research.
A classic illustration of topology is the difference between a sphere and a doughnut. The two cannot be transformed into each other by stretching or bending alone because they have a different number of holes, unless the surface is cut or glued.
15:07
Children now experiencing ‘best weather of their lifetime’, warns Asia’s top climate scientist
The study by researchers at Singaporean and Chinese institutions was published in Nature on October 7, with Cheng Zheyu and Zhang Xiuhai, both affiliated with Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, as co-first authors.
Cheng and his colleagues set out to investigate whether doughnut-like topological properties could exist at critical points – the thresholds at which physical systems change their behaviour.