Refineries in India, Turkiye and Brunei shipped oil products worth €1 billion ($1.2 billion) to countries imposing sanctions on Russia in September, marking a 43% increase from August, according to a report by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), cited by news agency PTI.
Reliance Industries Ltd's Jamnagar refinery in Gujarat accounted for six of the seven cargoes unloaded at European Union ports during the month, despite the bloc's ban on importing oil products refined from Russian crude, the report said.
The findings come as India continues to be one of the largest buyers of Russian fossil fuels following Moscow's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, even as Western restrictions seek to limit Russia's energy revenues.
EU takes the largest share of oil product exports
The European Union received oil products worth €667 million from the refineries covered by the CREA report in September. Australia imported €168 million worth, while the United States received €154 million and New Zealand €19 million.
CREA estimated that €295 million worth of the exported products had been refined from Russian crude.
Jamnagar also accounted for the largest share of the group's exports to the US, with shipments worth €122 million. Russian crude constituted 32% of the refinery's crude oil imports between July and September, according to the report.
Among EU destinations, Italy received three of the seven shipments, Romania received two, while Spain and Cyprus received one each.
The value of exports reported as destined for EU ports from refineries processing Russian crude rose 80% month-on-month, the report said.
This included a 104,000-tonne cargo of gasoil, or diesel, from Jamnagar that was still en route to Rotterdam.
EU ban faces scrutiny over Russian crude loophole
The European Union prohibited imports of oil products refined from Russian crude in January 2026.
However, the rules exempt net crude oil exporters, an exception that CREA argues leaves room for Russian-origin crude to enter global supply chains through refining in third countries.
According to the report, a country's status as a net crude oil exporter does not prevent its refineries from processing Russian crude and subsequently exporting the resulting products.
CREA has recommended extending the restriction to the refinery level by prohibiting imports of products from any refinery that has processed Russian crude in the preceding six months, regardless of the declared origin of the finished product.
The proposal is a recommendation by the research organisation and does not represent an adopted EU policy.
India's Russian crude imports fall for second straight month
India's imports of Russian crude declined 13% in September, marking the second consecutive monthly fall and the lowest level since April, CREA said.
Intake declined at all three of India's largest importing refineries. As per the report, Reliance Industries' Jamnagar refinery recorded a 27% drop, Indian Oil Corporation's Paradip refinery saw a 21% decline, and Nayara Energy's Vadinar refinery registered an 8% fall.
"Despite the decline, Vadinar overtook Jamnagar as India's largest importer of Russian crude," CREA said.
Imports at smaller facilities also largely declined. The HMEL Mundra Oil Terminal and the Kochi refinery recorded month-on-month reductions of 74% and 32%, respectively.
The IOC Mundra Oil Terminal was an exception, receiving 570,000 tonnes of Russian crude in September after recording no imports in August, according to CREA.
India remains Russia's second-largest fossil fuel buyer
Despite the decline in crude imports, India remained the second-largest buyer of Russian fossil fuels in September 2026, spending €4.1 billion on Russian hydrocarbons, according to CREA.
Crude oil accounted for 88% of India's purchases, worth €3.6 billion. Coal imports amounted to €309 million, while oil products accounted for €161 million. China remained the largest buyer of Russian fossil fuels.
Since December 2022, India has accounted for 37% of Russia's crude oil exports, compared with China's 50%, the report said.
India was a relatively marginal buyer of Russian oil before Moscow launched its full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Its purchases subsequently increased as Western buyers reduced imports and Russia offered crude at substantial discounts to attract alternative customers.
Russian Urals crude averaged $90.70 a barrel in September, but continued to trade at a $23-per-barrel discount to Brent, unchanged from August.
Tighter supply and Chinese competition weigh on imports
The decline in India's Russian crude purchases may reflect factors beyond pressure from the United States, including tighter supply and increased competition from Chinese buyers, according to PTI citing analysts at Kpler.
The analysts expect India's Russian crude imports to remain at around 1.8 million to 1.9 million barrels per day in October.
About the Author
Bhanu Pratap
Bhanu Pratap is a journalist who reports and writes on foreign affairs, India’s foreign policy, geopolitics and strategic affairs. He closely follows diplomatic developments in New Delhi and has a keen interest in defence and national security.<br> <br> Bhanu also focuses on in-depth, interview-based reports and regularly speaking with experts and policymakers to bring perspectives and context to major developments around the world.<br> <br> He is also interested in stories with strong humanitarian angles.<br><br> One such report examined the cases of Indian nationals who were allegedly recruited and forced into Russia’s war against Ukraine. While reporting the story, Bhanu spoke to the families of those affected and documented their experiences. The report was later taken into account by the United Nations in its findings on human rights violations linked to the war in Ukraine.<br> <br> For Bhanu, the zeal to produce meaningful and impactful journalism remains at the heart of his work.<br> <br>He has previously worked with Firstpost, NDTV, Newslaundry and Republic.<br><br> Bhanu studied at the Delhi School of Journalism, University of Delhi. He initially chose science with plans to pursue engineering, influenced by conventional expectations, but fate had other plans and eventually led him to journalism.<br><br> Beyond the newsroom, Bhanu enjoys exploring culture and history and often spends his days off on heritage walks. He is also passionate about travelling, biking and listening to folk music.<br> <br>For tips, reviews and suggestions, you can reach him at bhanu.pratap@htdigital.in.