Cardano (ADA) founder Charles Hoskinson has outlined what could come after smart contracts, introducing “Nightframes” as a vision for AI-powered, autonomous computing.
Speaking at Saturday’s Midnight City Tokyo event, Hoskinson described a future where artificial intelligence and privacy-focused technology work together to understand users’ intentions and execute tasks with minimal human intervention.
Hoskinson argued that the growing influence of AI agents makes it worth rethinking existing blockchain infrastructure.
“Now we have these agents. We have AI, everybody. ChatGPT, Claude, Grok, and all these Chinese models that are out there,” he said. “They seem to have some agency and ability to make decisions about everything we do, and they’re getting involved in our money,”
He illustrated the trend with a personal example, explaining that an AI system reviewed payments across his accounts and identified more than 115 subscriptions he described as “vampire subscriptions.” For Hoskinson, the example demonstrated how AI could help people understand and manage increasingly complicated digital and financial lives.
Hoskinson described Nightframes as a different kind of computing environment, designed to stay active and run programs while incorporating privacy and verifiable operations.
“It’s a private computer that’s always on and runs your programs. It follows your intentions. And most importantly, it’s provable,” Hoskinson said.
Notably, the idea goes beyond smart contracts that execute predefined instructions. Nightframes could potentially host persistent AI agents that understand a user’s objectives, coordinate with services and perform tasks across digital environments.
That model could support automated payments, personal digital assistants, and other applications where agents need to make decisions and interact with blockchain infrastructure.
Moreover, it’s worth noting that Midnight is central to this story because its privacy-focused blockchain infrastructure is associated with Hoskinson’s Nightframes concept. Its technology is intended to help applications use sensitive information without making every detail publicly visible.
Midnight City provides an environment for exploring persistent AI characters and autonomous activity. Rather than functioning solely as a conventional blockchain application, the project demonstrates how digital agents might interact and continue operating in a shared world.
Hoskinson also emphasized that these systems should ultimately remain under their owners’ control, not centralized platforms.
“They work for you. They don’t work for Sony. They don’t work for Toyota. They don’t work for Charles Hoskinson. They don’t work for OpenAI. They don’t work for the US government,” he added.
That said, the Nightframes vision comes amid a broader push to expand Cardano’s capabilities across AI, privacy and decentralized finance. Midnight launched its mainnet in March 2026, while Cardano became an official chain for the x402 payment standard, which allows AI agents to pay for online services programmatically. The ecosystem is also developing Masumi, a protocol designed to support AI-agent collaboration, identity, and payments, while RealFi has advanced Cardano’s push into real-world financial services.
Moreover, in response to criticism about Cardano’s progress last month, Hoskinson pointed to the launches of RealFi and Midnight, the development of Midnight City, and integrations involving LayerZero, Fireblocks, Pyth, and Circle.