By Hannah Miao
For months, Ma Yongjian didn’t tell his parents where he was.
Halfway through a master’s degree in computer science, the 27-year-old stopped going to class last year. Software engineering used to be a safe career choice, but the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and a wave of layoffs at Chinese tech companies left Ma convinced he wouldn’t be able to land a good job. He no longer saw the point of studying.
When his roommates left their dorm each morning, Ma would wander Beijing, sitting in parks and looking at stray cats. This year, he escaped to Dali, a magnet for drifters in China’s Yunnan province known for its scenic mountains and slow pace of life.
His parents thought he was still in grad school. He didn’t want to worry them.
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“Before, everyone expected life would keep getting better, your income would keep growing. Now, it’s different,” said Ma. “When you look at the future, there isn’t much hope.”
A generation born during China’s boom years is now entering adulthood with dwindling opportunities, fiercer competition and a growing sense of despondency that years of hard work have left them no better off than their parents and, for some, back living with them. Steady jobs are hard to get, pushing millions into the precarious gig economy, while others buckle under a cutthroat work culture.
A weakened economy has shrunk the job market, just as record numbers of college graduates are looking to start their careers. The rapid adoption of AI is adding to the uncertainty.
Many top employers, including tech giants Alibaba and ByteDance, have been quietly cutting staff. Although the companies aren’t publicly blaming AI, the technology has been a factor, people familiar with the matter say. Other industries, from filmmaking to finance, are using AI to scale back hiring.
Beijing has gone all in on the technology, urging companies to rapidly embrace AI to make the economy more competitive. But there are signs officials are also growing concerned about the impact on social stability. They’ve warned employers not to cut jobs as they adopt AI, people familiar with the matter say.
Vice-Premier He Lifeng polled China’s biggest employers last year, and some estimated AI could wipe out 30% or more of their existing roles, the people said. He seemed shaken by the responses, one said.
As job losses pile up, the typical milestones of adulthood – financial independence, a stable career, marriage, parenthood – are feeling out of reach for much of Gen Z.
The urban jobless rate among 16- to 24-year-olds, excluding students, stands at roughly 19% as of August, compared with about 9% among the same age group in the US. It’s 7.5% for those aged 25 to 29, compared with 5.3% in the US, and above China’s overall unemployment rate of around 5%. Wage growth has stagnated.
For now, the mood is more resignation than anger, especially with many parents pitching in to help with living costs. But there’s a risk young people’s disillusionment could harden into something more dangerous for the Communist Party, like unrest.
It could also have broader implications for China’s future.
Struggling to start
Faced with an uncertain outlook, young people are delaying marriage. The birthrate has plummeted. Some Gen Z are simply checking out, living off savings. This year, the country’s intelligence agency warned young people to resist “lying flat”, a buzzword for doing the bare minimum.
Zhang Tian, 27, said her mother wants her to have a stable job, get married and have children. But she and her boyfriend of five years are nowhere near thinking of settling down. They’re struggling just to get careers off the ground.
Zhang’s parents, born in the 1970s, didn’t go to university and were assigned government-related jobs that they still have. Eager to do something more creative, Zhang studied landscape architecture. It seemed smart given China’s booming real-estate market.
Around the time she graduated in 2021, the property bubble burst.
About six months into her first job at a real-estate developer in Hangzhou, she was laid off. She eventually landed a role in Shanghai as an administrative assistant, but her salary – roughly US$1,200 (NZ$2,145) a month – was lower than before. Late last year, she lost her job again.
“Dating and being in a relationship is an emotional matter, but getting married and having kids is a financial one,” said Zhang, who is from Jiangsu province north of Shanghai. “I don’t think we’ve sorted out our financial situation yet, so we aren’t considering getting married yet.”
She and her boyfriend, Cheng Ming, plan to study AI in hopes of finding tech jobs. But that sector is unstable, too.
Cheng, after getting laid off from two real estate firms, started taking online classes to learn about software. He landed a role in sales at a small tech company – only to see the firm go bankrupt. He was laid off yet again in April.
“Inside, there’s a feeling of being weighed down by society,” Cheng said, “a sense of resignation.”
‘Fairly bleak’
High expectations collide with fierce competition and uncertain futures.
The central problem is that China isn’t creating enough stable, high-paying jobs.
Overall economic growth has been weak in recent years, expanding at a significantly slower pace than before the pandemic. Although a few industries favoured by Beijing, such as robotics, are booming, their labour needs are limited. Many young people don’t want to toil in factories, which don’t provide the kind of prestige or work environments college graduates seek – and are rapidly replacing workers with robots.
Beijing has, for various reasons, cracked down on some private-sector industries that once absorbed many graduates, such as private tutoring companies. Muted consumer demand across China’s economy has further cut into hiring as companies struggle to eke out enough profit to hire or raise wages.
“This generation is looking at a fairly bleak situation,” said Fred Neumann, chief Asia economist at HSBC. “It’s not clear where high-paying jobs will come from.”
After graduating from college in 2021, Jeremy Li got his first job at a film company relatively smoothly. He went back to school for a master’s in media and communication, hoping it would give him greater opportunity for career growth. But by the time he graduated in January, the job market had tightened considerably.
Li, 28, estimated he has applied for roughly 100 jobs since he started his hunt last fall. He hasn’t landed a suitable one yet.
He turned down two roles because the pay was low, around US$11,000 a year, and he would have had to move far away. For a different job at a major news agency in Beijing, he made it through two writing tests and two interviews to become a finalist, but didn’t get the offer.
Li has been living with his parents in his hometown of Jinan, the capital of Shandong province in northern China. He ran out of savings, so his parents, who work at state-owned enterprises, support him.
“I really want to find a job and have my own financial means so I don’t have to rely on my parents,” said Li, who continues to submit applications weekly. “I didn’t think the competition would be so fierce.”
Overall urban employment is now about 7% lower than it would have been if pre-Covid job-growth rates had held steady—a shortfall of roughly 37 million jobs, according to an analysis by Steven Barnett, an economics professor at the University of Hong Kong and former China division chief at the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Some economists believe China’s labour-market picture is even gloomier than official statistics suggest. Li Daokui, a professor at Tsinghua University, recently estimated that China’s broad unemployment rate is actually about 10%, when factoring in people who’ve been unable to find work for at least two years and are left out of official data.
AI threat
AI threatens Chinese fresh graduates by replacing entry-level jobs and tightening competition.
Photo / Getty Images
In the long run, AI has the potential to help China’s economy. The country’s shrinking population means it eventually might not have enough people to do all the work that needs to be done. Automation will help.
The trouble is the timing: AI is coming on fast, when too many young people are looking for steady employment, often at entry level.
Human-resources managers at some companies say they are less willing than before to hire inexperienced workers when AI can do the work. Some businesses have implemented AI agents as “digital employees” in roles such as customer service, sales, accounting, data analysis and even HR.
A study by ShanghaiTech University analysing 700 million job postings from five major Chinese recruitment platforms between 2022 and 2026 found that AI has reduced hiring demand the most for entry- to mid-level workers with one to three years of work experience.
“In the past, companies relied on entry-level newcomers to complete basic training tasks,” the report said. “Today, large-language models have taken over these responsibilities, leading companies to eliminate low-wage ‘starter’ roles.”
Technology is even starting to threaten some of the part-time gigs young people have turned to in lieu of more stable professional work, such as ride hailing, food delivery and livestreaming. The total number of people in these kinds of flexible roles, without a permanent full-time contract, is expected to rise to 320 million this year from 280 million in 2025, accounting for more than 40% of urban employment, according to the China New Employment Forms Research Centre, a think tank.
Robotaxis and robots, which are rolling out quickly, will wipe out some of those roles.
While surveys suggest people in China are generally more optimistic about AI than in other countries, anxiety about the technology is brewing. A 2025 survey of more than 11,000 science and technology workers by the Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business found that more than two-thirds believe they will lose their jobs to AI within the next five years.
One 26-year-old woman, laid off in July from her job as a user-interface designer at tech giant Baidu, racked up millions of views on Chinese social media after she posted videos of herself on her last day, turning in her computer and ID badge and then waving goodbye at the company’s Beijing headquarters.
She said she packed up her belongings and moved back in with her parents in Jiangxi province in southeastern China, and now spends her days catching up on sleep and eating with relatives. She hasn’t found her next job yet.
“My head is full of questions about what I should do next. AI is developing faster and faster,” she says in one video. “Where do I go from here?”
Local governments and universities have launched programmes including career counselling, vocational training and AI-related courses aimed at preparing students for a changing labour market. And government authorities have been tightening pressure on companies, reminding employers that AI isn’t a valid reason to fire people.
In one case, a company was ordered to pay a former quality-control supervisor about US$38,000 in damages after it replaced him with AI, according to the court ruling and his lawyer. Another man who lost his job collecting map data to AI challenged his employer in arbitration and won compensation.
“As employers enjoy the benefits of technology, they must also shoulder social responsibilities,” the human resources bureau of the Beijing municipal government wrote in a case study published last December.
But others, including many parents, say young people just need to toughen up and “eat bitterness”, as they did during China’s rise.
High expectations
In 2024, the number of college graduates in China is expected to reach a record 11.79 million, facing new challenges to the competitive job markets, according to the Ministry of Education. Photo / Getty Images
Born in the 1990s and 2000s, China’s Gen Z was raised with the idea that if they worked hard in school and went to a decent college, they could get a good job and live a comfortable life – better off than their parents, who were better off than the generation before.
Surging college enrolment added to that expectation. This year, a record 12.7 million people graduated from college in China – a figure that is expected to continue to climb for about a decade.
After years of heavy pressure from their parents to do well in school, many young people feel burned out and betrayed.
Jessica Tang says she felt the weight of academic expectation from an early age growing up in Shanghai. By kindergarten, she’d entered national art competitions to help her get into a good elementary school. In high school, she spent hours in extra tutoring for an advantage.
“I felt I absolutely had to get into a good school, otherwise I wouldn’t be competitive in society or in the job market afterwards,” Tang, 29, said.
During the pandemic, her mindset began to change. Stuck at home during covid lockdowns and working overtime, she started to think her job at a public-relations agency wasn’t necessary, so she quit.
Tang has been freelancing for the past three years. Recently, it’s been harder to make a living. When she started, she could easily make around US$300 (NZ$535) writing a press release. Assignments today come with more requirements, and her hourly earnings have halved.
Wang Yuanru, 24, said she just can’t see the point in hustling in the formal job market, given all the competition.
After graduating from college with a degree in design, she worked for a few months for a design company, but left after her boss took credit for her work, she said. She now supports herself by selling handicrafts, making enough to get by in Dali.
“There are too many people and too few choices, if we’re talking about stable jobs, so I don’t choose at all,” she said.
A similar despondency brought Ma, the grad-school dropout, to Dali. Growing up in a small city in Gansu province in northwestern China, he got good grades, but his parents, both doctors, seemed to always expect higher test scores, he said. In college, he struggled to fit in with overachieving classmates at a top university in Beijing.
In Dali, he was able to simply enjoy his life for the first time. He spent his days sleeping in, going to the gym, cooking with friends and playing poker. After a few months, though, he started to get bored – and anxious about the future.
“I just feel like I’m stuck in a shut-down state, unable to move,” Ma said. He’s been living off an allowance from his parents, but knows they can’t support him forever.
Ma left Dali and recently has been travelling across Indonesia. Destination unknown.