Long before plastic pumpkins and shop-bought costumes, the Irish marked Samhain, the festival whose name means end of summer, when the Celts believed the dead could walk among the living. They lit huge bonfires to drive off evil spirits and pulled on animal skins and heads so that any wandering soul would mistake them for one of its own.
Although modern-day Halloween is less about dead spirits and more about having fun and dressing up, there are some traditional aspects of an Irish Halloween that we have kept going.
Here’s a look at some of the ancient and more recent Halloween traditions from Ireland that have stuck over the years!
The bonfire
Samhain was seen as the end of summer but also the beginning of another year. It was also the one day of the year when spirits could walk the earth. The community would gather together and light huge fires to ward off bad fortune for the coming year and any evil spirits.
Some believe that people extinguished their fires in the hearth at home before they left and would reignite them using an ember from the bonfire, for good luck. The day after the bonfire, the ashes were spread across the fields to further ward off bad luck for the farmers during the year.
It was also traditionally believed that the bonfire encourages dreams, especially of your future husband or wife. It was said that if you drop a cutting of your hair into the embers of the fire, the identity of your first husband would be revealed.
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Jack-o-lantern
There are two schools of thought on why the Irish carried Jack-o'-lanterns. One is that it is an ancient Celtic tradition. In order to carry home an ember from the communal bonfire, the people would hollow out a turnip so they could walk home with the fire still burning.
The other story (which is a little more spooky) is that Jack-o'-lanterns date back to the 18th century and are named after an Irish blacksmith, called Jack, who colluded with the Devil and was denied entry into Heaven.
Jack was condemned to walk the earth for eternity, but asked the Devil for some light. He was given a burning coal that burnt into a turnip that he had hollowed out. Some Irish believe that hanging a lantern in their front window would keep Jack’s wandering soul away.
When the Scot-Irish emigrated to America, they adapted the tradition and used a pumpkin instead, as it was more difficult to find turnips.
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Costumes
The community would gather around the bonfire and would be dressed up in elaborate animal skins and heads.
The idea was that the evil spirits would be scared off by the fires. Then, if the spirits happened to be wandering the earth and bumped into one of the Celts, they might think they were spirits themselves because of their disguises, and let them go free. This is where our tradition of dressing up comes from.
Trick or Treat
Trick-or-treating originated centuries ago. In Ireland, the poor would go from door to door to rich people's homes and ask for food, kindling, or money. They would then use what they collected for their celebrations on Halloween.
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Colcannon
(Pronounced kohl cannon)
This is the traditional dinner to have on Halloween night before you head out for an evening of fun and mischief. It is a simple dish made with boiled potatoes, curly kale (a type of cabbage), and raw onions.
Traditionally, coins were wrapped in pieces of clean paper and slipped into children’s colcannon for them to find and keep. Sometimes people also hide a ring in the colcannon. Whoever finds the ring will be married within the year.
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Barmbrack
Barmbrack (from the Irish name Bairín Breac) is a traditional Irish Halloween cake, which is essentially a sweet bread with fruit throughout it as well as some other treats.
Shop-bought barracks still contain a ring, but if you make it at home and add your own treats, it’s even more fun.
Each member of the family gets a slice, and each prize has a different meaning:
- The rag – your financial future is doubtful
- The coin – you will have a prosperous year
- The ring – impending romance or continued happiness
- The thimble – you’ll never marry
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Snap apple
There are many games that are played on Halloween night, and snap apple or bobbing for apples is one of them.
In snap apple, an apple is suspended from a string, and the children are blindfolded, and their arms are tied behind their backs. The first child to get a decent bite of the apple gets a prize. Bobbing for apples is when some apples are dropped into a basin of water, and the children have to go in headfirst and try to get a bite.
The apples are associated with love and fertility. It is said that whoever gets the first bite will be the first to marry. It was also thought that if the girls put the apple they bit while bobbing under their pillow that night, they would dream of their future lover.
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Shaving the friar
This old game was particularly popular in County Meath. A pile of ash was put down in the shape of a cone with a piece of wood sticking out of the top. Then each player takes turns trying to dig the largest amount of ash without the pile collapsing.
All the while, competitors chant:
“Shave the poor Friar to make him a liar;
Cut off his beard to make him afeard;
If the Friar will fall, my poor back pays for all!"
Blindfolded cabbage picking
Blindfolded local girls would go out into the field and pull up the first cabbage they stumbled upon. If the cabbage had a lot of clay attached to the roots, its future lover would have money. If the girl ate the cabbage, the nature of their future husband would be revealed, bitter or sweet.
Anti-Fairy Measures
As we all know, fairies and goblins collect souls as they trawl the earth on Halloween night. The story goes that if you threw dust from under your feet at the fairy, they would release any souls they kept captive. However, over the years, this legend was changed.
Farm animals would be anointed with holy water to keep them safe through the night. If animals showed ill health on Halloween, they would be spat at to try to ward off the evil spirits.
* Originally published in 2016, updated in 2026.