South Australia 203 and 104 for 7 (Bartlett 3-33) lead Queensland 238 (Clayton 66, Doggett 3-46) by 69 runs
Replying to SA's 203, Queensland were all out for 238 before Bartlett crashed through the home side's top order on Tuesday's second day of play at Adelaide Oval.
Bartlett also took a smart slips catch as the hosts slumped to 22 for 4 before wobbling to 104 for 7 at stumps, a lead of only 69 runs.
Queensland paceman bowled Henry Hunt with a sublime delivery and, two balls later, dismissed Jake Weatherald when the Test discard flashed outside off stump and was caught at gully.
In Cameron Gannon's next over, Bartlett collected a slick, low catch at first slip as Nathan McSweeney fell for 1. The SA skipper was clearly unhappy with the decision, with replays suggesting the ball hit his right leg. Three overs later, Bartlett struck again when Jake Lehmann was trapped lbw.
The plight of the defending Shield champions worsened six overs later when Jem Ryan collected two wickets in two overs. Ryan bowled Jason Sangha with an off-cutter and bowled Harry Neilsen for a duck when the lefthander attempted a leave but edged onto his stumps.
Liam Scott and Ben Manenti put on 47 runs for the seventh wicket, with Bartlett ending the day with 3 for 33 from 10 overs and Gannon following his five-wicket haul in the first innings with 2 for 29.
Earlier, Queensland established a first innings lead with Jack Clayton top-scoring with 66. Clayton struck nine fours in his 129-ball knock before the left-hander was trapped lbw by Brendan Doggett.
A raft of Clayton's team-mates failed to cash in after promising starts with Hugo Burdon, Jimmy Peirson and Hayden Kerr appearing well set before being dismissed.
Tailenders Mitch Swepson and Cameron Gannon added some handy late runs against an SA attack led by two-Test paceman Doggett.