Cuba Energy Crisis Explained: Why the Grid Keeps Failing

CUBA · EXPLAINER

The Cuba energy crisis comes down to a grid that produces far less power than the island needs and has no spare capacity to absorb a breakdown. A fire at the Santa Cruz del Norte plant on Friday 16 October showed how thin that margin is, with the UNE forecasting 2,190 MW of outages for the evening peak.

For US readers, the stakes are travel, family and business, because blackouts disrupt hotels, transport and any firm with Cuban partners. This explainer sets out the causes that keep returning, from worn-out plants to missing fuel.

How Bad the Cuba Energy Crisis Has Become

The UNE says Friday evening demand will reach 2,900 MW while only 740 MW is available, and Periódico Cubano and CiberCuba both carried those figures. Our news report, Cuba Thermoelectric Plant Fire Hits Unit 1, covers the fire itself.

The UNE then announced at 11:31 a.m. that the Felton plant in Holguín was offline, without naming the unit or a cause, CiberCuba and Periódico Cubano report. That loss came after the morning forecast, and the sources we reviewed carry no recalculated figure.

CiberCuba adds that outages in recent days ran past 20 continuous hours for millions of Cubans. Cuba has also lost its entire grid eight times this year, according to OnCuba and CiberCuba.

OnCuba lists two collapses in March, three on 6, 10 and 14 July, two on 2 and 3 August and the latest on 18 September. OnCuba says the UNE linked the 18 September failure to the trip of a section of the 220 kV Matanzas-Cienfuegos line.

Recovery after each collapse is slow because the grid must be rebuilt from small starter sources such as solar, hydro and engine plants, OnCuba explains. The 6 July collapse lasted 28 hours, and restoring service was hard for lack of fuel.

Why Cuba’s Thermoelectric Plants Keep Failing

Thermal plants remain the backbone of Cuban generation, but OnCuba says they carry decades of wear, outdated technology and a shortage of spare parts. The UNE’s Friday morning report listed six units broken down and three in maintenance, CiberCuba and Periódico Cubano report, out of the 16 units OnCuba says the country has.

In August, OnCuba, citing UNE data, said nine or even 10 units had at times been out, with peak availability near 1,000 MW against demand of about 3,200 MW. That is why a single lost unit pushes outages higher at once.

The Antonio Guiteras plant in Matanzas, which OnCuba puts at about 220 MW and calls the largest single unit, shows the pattern. OnCuba, citing independent outlets, counts more than 15 breakdowns there by July, and says officials admit a large debt of capital maintenance, with a full overhaul postponed again at the end of 2025.

Martí Noticias and Periódico Cubano say the Guiteras went out of service again on Wednesday 14 October because of a leak in an economizer, a boiler component. Santa Cruz del Norte, finished in 1991 with Soviet technology, also logged breakdowns in February, April, May and July, Periódico Cubano and CiberCuba say.

OnCuba describes a loop in which fewer units mean a bigger deficit, a bigger deficit means longer blackouts, and the remaining units are pushed harder and fail more often. 14ymedio argues that old equipment and thin safety measures also make fires more likely.

How Fuel Shortages Deepen the Cuba Energy Crisis

Cuba needs about 100,000 barrels of oil a day and produces about 40,000 itself, according to estimates carried by EFE in March and OnCuba in September. OnCuba adds that Venezuela and Mexico, until last year the main suppliers, stopped sending cargoes, while Periódico Cubano says Mexico cut its deliveries.

Washington declared a national emergency over Cuba on 29 January and authorised tariffs on goods from any country that supplies the island with oil, according to the executive order published by the White House. OnCuba calls the result an oil blockade, and says the Cuban government blames that pressure and an obsolete system for the grid’s critical state.

Energy and Mines Minister Vicente de la O Levy said no Cuban state company has secured a fuel contract and that private imports cover not even 3% of needs, OnCuba and Periódico Cubano reported on 14 October. Periódico Cubano adds that US firms exported US$231.7 million of fuel to Cuban private businesses from January to August, citing the US-Cuba Trade and Economic Council, and the minister says that fuel goes to private businesses, not the state.

The Russian tanker Anatoli Kolodkin docked in Matanzas on Tuesday 31 March with about 100,000 tonnes of crude, the first such cargo in three months, EFE reported, and OnCuba said on 12 October that no other has entered since. OnCuba said in August that fuel-oil plants at Moa and Mariel and two Turkish power barges in Havana had each stopped for months for lack of fuel, and the engine plants known as distributed generation also depend on diesel.

What Solar Power and Chinese Aid Can Do

Cuba had 54 solar parks feeding the grid by August, with output peaking above 700 MW on some days, OnCuba says. In October the energy minister cited about 1,400 MW of installed solar capacity across 144 parks, Directorio Cubano reports, a nameplate figure that is not steady output.

Solar produces mainly by day, so it needs batteries and a stronger grid to cover the evening peak, which is when the UNE forecasts the worst outages. The park counts in the two reports differ, and neither source explains the gap.

China is backing the push, and OnCuba says a third donation of 5,000 solar systems for remote homes and public buildings arrived in September. The same outlet stresses that solar is necessary but not an immediate fix for the current crisis.

Independent experts put the investment needed to rebuild the system in the billions of dollars, OnCuba says. Even a green light for fuel imports would leave the infrastructure problem.

Decree-Law 135 on oil and gas, published in Official Gazette number 85 on Monday 12 October, takes effect on 19 October and allows concessions of up to 30 years, OnCuba and Directorio Cubano report. OnCuba adds that officials admit a new law alone will not bring the capital the industry needs.

What It Means for You

Travellers should plan for blackouts of 20 hours or more and ask lodgings about generators or battery backup. Flights face a separate squeeze, covered in Cuba Airports Lack Jet Fuel Until 1 November.

Relatives, aid groups and US firms with Cuban partners should expect interrupted operations and rising prices. The statistics office ONEI put annual inflation in the formal market at 28.44% in September, according to EFE as carried by OnCuba, and economists say that understates informal prices.

The UNE publishes a forecast every day, and it is the best guide to each evening. Earlier strain is covered in Cuba Grid Splits in East as 1,680 MW Shortfall Looms and in Cuba Grid Failure: Line Trips, Not Gunfire, Caused 8th Blackout of 2026.

Daily life under the embargo is described in Cuba People Daily Life Under the Embargo. The wider setting is in Cuba in Latin America, Its Role, Weight and Alliances.

The new oil law is covered in Cuba Oil Law Takes Effect 19 October for Foreign Firms. Price pressure is covered in Cuba Inflation Rises to 28.44% in September.

What Is Not Known

It is not known how long unit 1 at Santa Cruz del Norte will stay out, which Felton unit went offline, or how much the evening shortfall will grow. The oil-leak cause comes only from the UNE and state radio, relayed by 14ymedio, OnCuba, CiberCuba and Martí Noticias, and nobody independent has confirmed it.

The fuel picture rests on estimates and on the Cuban government’s own account, and the UNE notices reach us only through the outlets that quote them. How much of the shortfall comes from the US restrictions and how much from ageing equipment is not established by the sources we reviewed.

The count of Guiteras breakdowns comes from independent outlets via OnCuba, and the 54 solar parks and 700 MW peak date from August and differ from the minister’s later figure. Nothing in the sources shows whether the grid can avoid a ninth nationwide collapse.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why does Cuba have so many blackouts?

Cuba does not generate enough power for its demand, and many ageing thermoelectric units are out at any time. Scarce fuel and a lack of spare capacity mean one breakdown can push the whole grid over.

How many times has Cuba’s grid collapsed in 2026?

OnCuba and CiberCuba count eight complete national collapses so far this year. The latest came on 18 September.

Is the US oil blockade the cause of the Cuba energy crisis?

A White House order of 29 January threatens tariffs on countries that supply Cuba with oil, and OnCuba calls it a blockade. The sources do not settle how much it weighs against ageing equipment, and US firms did export fuel to Cuban private businesses.

Can solar power end the blackouts?

Not soon, according to OnCuba, which counted 54 solar parks in August with peaks above 700 MW. Solar needs batteries and a stronger grid to cover the evening peak.

What happened at Santa Cruz del Norte on 16 October?

A fire took unit 1 of the plant offline at 6:55 a.m., according to the UNE, and the Felton plant went offline later that morning. The oil-leak cause comes only from state sources, and no repair time has been given.

What should travellers to Cuba expect?

Expect long daily blackouts and the need for generators or battery backup. Check lodgings in advance and follow the UNE’s daily forecast.

Sources: OnCuba, 7 August 2026; OnCuba, 18 September 2026; OnCuba, 14 October 2026; OnCuba, 12 October 2026; OnCuba, 24 September 2026; OnCuba, 16 October 2026; Martí Noticias, 16 October 2026; Periódico Cubano, 16 October 2026; 14ymedio, 16 October 2026; CiberCuba, 16 October 2026; CiberCuba on Felton, 16 October 2026; Periódico Cubano on Felton, 16 October 2026; Periódico Cubano, 14 October 2026; Periódico Cubano on the Guiteras, 14 October 2026; EFE via Metro Puerto Rico, 31 March 2026; White House executive order, 29 January 2026; Directorio Cubano, 12 October 2026; Directorio Cubano, 14 October 2026. Grid figures come from the Unión Eléctrica (UNE) daily reports as carried by these outlets; fuel and generation estimates are the outlets’ own.

Editorial responsibility: Matthias Camenzind, Editor-in-Chief · Editorial standards · Report an error

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