Rising fuel prices are intensifying public anger across Europe and strengthening far-right parties ahead of elections next year. Households and businesses face mounting costs, while protests over living expenses and public services continue across several countries.
The latest energy shock has added pressure to economies already struggling with inflation and financial uncertainty. The conflict involving the United States and Iran has disrupted energy markets and trade. The European Commission estimates the conflict has cost Europe around €100 billion, while gas prices have risen sharply and diesel prices have doubled.
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France has experienced some of the most serious unrest, with demonstrations spreading beyond concerns about deteriorating school facilities. Protesters have looted shops and set buildings on fire, including a historic town hall in Limoges. President Emmanuel Macron acknowledged public frustration over living costs but condemned violence and vandalism.
Protests have also affected Italy, Portugal, Spain and Belgium, reflecting wider concerns about wages, housing and public services. Italian farmers say rising fuel costs have made agricultural work increasingly difficult. Truckers, farmers and steelworkers have blocked roads in parts of southern Italy, disrupting transport and contributing to local fuel shortages.
These economic pressures are increasingly influencing political debates across the continent. Political scientist Gilles Ivaldi said purchasing power had become a major factor driving populist politics. Far-right and hard-left politicians have called for renewed energy ties with Russia, arguing that cheaper supplies could ease financial pressure.
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In France, Marine Le Pen of the National Rally has made fuel prices central to her campaign for next April’s presidential election. Her proposal to reduce fuel taxes has attracted public support, particularly among rural residents who depend on cars. Polling by Elabe indicates her ratings have improved since the Iran conflict began, while Macron’s have declined.
Germany’s Alternative for Germany party is also benefiting from concerns about living costs and rising energy bills. The party advocates restoring energy ties with Russia and criticises Berlin’s support for Ukraine. Similar arguments have gained attention in Italy and Poland, where far-right politicians support renewed purchases of Russian oil and gas. The growing unrest presents additional challenges for European governments as they address economic pressures and prepare for upcoming elections.